Botswana

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Source: CIA Factbook

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• Botswana Google Satellite Maps
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• Botswana Geological Survey
  
• Botswana Geology
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• Botswana Image-3 Phoenix open pit nickel mine
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• Botswana Minerals
• Botswana Topography

"Botswana: Economy Blossoms as Mining Shines"

Coal

Click HERE for an overview

"Botswana may trump diamond wealth" (Source: Miningmx)

• CIC Energy Corporation is developing the Mmamabula Energy Project, a planned greenfield power station and integrated coal mine in Botswana. The project consists of two non-contiguous exploration licences, Mmamabula East (50,840 hectares) and Mmamabula South (14,000 hectares), which are wholly owned by CIC’s Botswana subsidiary, Meepong Resources (Proprietary) Limited. The global mineral resource estimate for the project totals approximately 2.3 billion tonnes in the measured and indicated categories. An approximate 74 million tonnes is further reported in the inferred category.
  

• Asenjo Energy will have a memorandum of understanding with a power company by June, 2008, and another with a coal-to-liquid fuel (CTL) technology provider as it proves up some six billion tonnes of coal in Botswana.
  Asenjo, is 50% owned by Australia’s ASX-listed Aquila Resources and the rest by Jonah Coal, which is equally held by Jonah Capital and JSE-listed coal group Sentula Mining, formerly Scharrig.
  The Western Mmambula coal field, which is near CIC Energy’s planned Mmamabula power generation plant and dedicated mine, has reconnaissance resources of four billion tonnes.
  Asenjo is adopting the same model CIC energy has been developing to generate power and produce liquid fuel as well as export coal from its coal field.

• Aviva Corporation Limited (ASX: AVA) disclosed in February, 2008, that it has an initial resource of 1.287 billion tonnes of coal at the Mmamantswe coal project in Botswana in which it is earning 90%. The resource estimate is based on a 32 hole 3,500 m drill programme. Of these, 23 holes intersected coal. Aviva said a new drilling programme to upgrade the deposit to reserve status is planned to commence in late March, 2008. It will comprise between 150-250 holes.
  

Copper

Geology

The Dukwe deposit is an epigenetic quartz-carbonate vein hosted copper deposit. The mineralization lies within a near-vertically dipping, thin, linearly extensive belt of the early Proterozoic Matsitama Supergroup metasedimentary rocks. They are enclosed by sheared granite-gneisses and granites of the Mosetse Complex within the broader structural domain of the Bushman lineament. The metasedimentary rocks and the enclosing granite-gneisses have been flattened, elongated and attenuated within the Bushman lineament shear zone.
The primary sulphide consists of chalcopyrite mineralization within a complex assemblage of quartz-calcite veins, breccias and carbonaceous calcareous sediments developed within a limestone horizon of the Matsitama Group sediments. The near surface parts of this zone have been enriched in a supergene blanket, while the parts closest to surface have been oxidized with the development of copper-carbonates and copper-oxide minerals.

• African Copper plc (ACU.TO, AFNCF.PK) is developing a copper mine at the Dukwe Project scheduled to commence production in 2008. The flotation concentrator at Dukwe has been designed for a 3,000 tonne per day throughput to produce approximately 44 million pounds of copper in concentrate annually at full production. Initial production is expected to be from open pit, followed by underground mining of sulphides. Total indicated and inferred resources are 47,23 million tonnes at a grade of 1,55% Cu or 730, 867 tonnes of contained copper. Mowana mine is due to begin production at 20,000 tonnes a year from the first quarter of 2008, but the group will look to expand that to 40,000 tonnes by Q3 or Q4 2009. The mine could be producing up to 100,000 tonnes a year by 2010-2011. Mowana is part of the group's wider Dukwe asset. Exploration within the Mining Licence has encountered new mineralization about 350 metres south of the pit boundary, and drilling in the second and third quarters of 2007 concentrated on the delineation of this new resource that can be incorporated into a mine plan.
  Outside of the Mining Licence, follow-up drilling was completed in the third quarter of 2007 to examine targets identified through a geophysical survey. It is the Company's intention to search for open-pit deposits in these areas. Drill results are being compiled as assays are received.
  Exploration continues in the vicinity of the Thakadu deposits to define further mineralisation that may enhance the economics around a stand-alone plant at the deposit. Alternatively, the Thakadu deposit may be scheduled into the Mowana life-of-mine plan, if insufficient material is identified to support a stand-alone operation at this site.
  Work continues at Nakalakwana Hill where a low-grade copper-gold system has been identified. Results of a 7-hole Phase 1 drill programme will be released by the end of November 2007. A Phase 2 programme has commenced with two holes completed to date.
  Surface trenching at Gaokae has been completed and results are being received for a large scale geochemical survey that has been completed over this area. Gaokae is a nickel target within ultramafic to mafic intrusions at the basal part of the Matsitama schist belt. When all results have been received and assessed, a drill programme will be designed and implemented.

• Discovery Metals Ltd (Australian) is exploring seven prospecting licences covering an area of 6,333 square kilometres in north-western Botswana., called the Maun Copper Project. The project area covers a large area of significant copper-silver mineralization within the Ghanzi Formation. Copper-silver mineralization has been previously traced for over 300km of strike. Located within the project area is the Zeta Inferred Copper Resource (20Mt @ 1.2% Cu), and other occurrences of copper mineralization at the G Grid North and P Grid prospects. The existing copper-silver mineralization grades from 0,5% to 9,2% copper with silver grades up to 150 g/t. Mineralization widths vary from 1 m to 23 m with the majority of intercepts in the range 7-15 m. The company said on 25 September, 2007, drilling at a 5.5 kilometre long zone of copper-silver mineralization at the project's Plutus prospect had confirmed that the highest grade mineralization occurs on the footwall/hanging wall contact with grades up to 2.6 percent copper being recorded, and these intersections plunge shallowly to the southwest. The programme has concentrated on defining the mineralisation able to be extracted in an open pit with the majority of drill holes less than 120 metre vertical depth, the company said.
  The Plutus prospect occurs five kilometres to the northeast of the Petra Inferred Mineral Resource where a series of historical diamond drill holes intersected 1.5 percent copper over a strike length of five kilometres and has an inferred mineral resource of 4.5 million tons at 1.1 percent copper at a 0.6 percent copper cut-off. Discovery Metals announced in December, 2007, a further 46 percent increase in the copper resource at the company's wholly-owned Maun project in the NorthWest District, bringing the total resource in the project to 46.1 metric tonnes. Discovery has also started a regional exploration program on the Maun Copper Project to find new mineralisation outside the currently defined resources at Zeta, Plutus and Petra.
  

• Hana Mining Ltd (TSX VENTURE:HMG) is drilling its Ghanzi Copper Project in northwestern Botswana. The program is proposed to include 10,000 meters of diamond drilling and will initially focus on twinning RC and diamond drill holes in the highly prospective H-I grid area of the property. The program will test both high-grade and lower-grade mineralized intercepts. he H-I grid area was the focus of much of the historical exploration completed at the Ghanzi property previously drilled by Delta Gold in joint venture with BHP Billiton in 1999 and Anglo American Corp. in the early 1990s.
  

Diamond

Click HERE for an overview

Diamond Mines of the World/Botswana (Kevin Hulsey-Jewelry)

Click HERE for a map showing the location of diamond mines in Botswana

Botswana still world's greatest source of new diamonds (Source: Mineweb)

History

In early 1967, after a 12 year search, a team of De Beers geologists found abundant quantities of ilmenite and garnet - two of the chief indicators of diamondiferous kimberlite - near the village of Letlhakane in north-central Botswana. After further exploration, the pipe at Orapa was found later that year.

Dr Gavin Lamont (centre) and geologists at Orapa's discovery pit in 1968.
Source: De Beers

During the sampling and evaluation at Orapa, two smaller pipes were uncovered some 40 kilometres south-east of Orapa, near the Letlhakane village. The De Beers Botswana Mining Company was formed on 23 June 1969 and in July 1971, Orapa Mine began production. By the time Letlhakane Mine was opened in 1975, the Government of Botswana had increased its shareholding in the company from 15 to 50 percent. In 1973, De Beers geologists discovered the Jwaneng pipe, which would become the richest diamond mine in the world. It was officially opened by the former President of the Republic of Botswana, His Excellency Sir Ketumile Masire, in August 1982. In 1991, the company changed its name to Debswana Diamond Company (Pty) Ltd and established its new corporate headquarters at Debswana House in Gaborone. Damtshaa, the fourth Debswana mine, commenced production in October 2002. The mine is located some 25 km east of Orapa, from where it is administered. (Source: De Beers)

• Debswana Diamond Company (De Beers 50%, Government 50%) is by far the world's largest diamond producer by value. Debswana's diamond mining operations are situated at Jwaneng, Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa. Jwaneng is the richest diamond mine in the world and is situated 170 kilometers west of the capital Gaborone. Orapa, Letlhakane and the youngest Damtshaa mines are located roughly 240 kilometers west of Francistown. The Orapa pipe is the world's second largest diamond-producing kimberlite pipe. In 2005, Debswana Mines produced a total of 31,9 million carats; Jwaneng Mine recovered 15,6 million carats; Orapa Mine recovered 14,8 million carats; Letlhakane Mine recovered 1,097 million carats; and Damtshaa Mine, 246,278 carats. Total revenue In 2005 was P15,8 billion or US$2,7 billion. De Beers is involved in early stage and advanced projects in many areas in Botswana and has numerous joint venture partners including Falconbridge, AfriOre, Ampal, Cratonic Resources, Gallery Gold, Wati Ventures, Firestone Diamonds and African Diamonds. The evaluation of the AK6 kimberlite pipe is in progress for Boteti Exploration, a joint venture between African Diamonds and De Beers. De Beers began the deployment of its airship based exploration technology in Botswana in late 2005 with encouraging results.

• African Diamonds plc (AFDM.PK, AFD.L, also active in Sierra Leone, Guinea and Congo-Kinshasa) has a a joint venture with De Beers in the Orapa area of Botswana. There are over 40 known kimberlites in the vicinity. A larger scale bulk sampling program carried out on AK6 in 2005 by the De Beers/African Diamonds joint venture yielded a grade of 24 cpht. The kimberlite pipe is now believed to be 9,9 hectares in size containing 48,5 million tonnes, with a modeled diamond value of $150 per carat.The AK6 project is in the pre-feasibility stage. Production is expected to begin in 2009, with an annual yield of 2,5 million tons, which will increase in 2011 to 4,5 million tons annually. Kimberlite AK8 at Orapa is in an advanced stage of exploration. Another six kimberlites are at the sampling stages. Afican Diamonds announced in September, 2007, that it is to submit a mining license application for its AK6 diamond prospect in Botswana, a project estimated to produce 1 million carats of diamonds per year when in full production in 2011. In terms of an agreement, De Beers will take about 66% control of AK6 through a joint venture company Boteti. This is following completion of the bankable feasibility if financed. African Diamonds has a 28% stake in Boteti with the balance held by Debwat. Capital required for the mine is $220m of which $165m will be raised in project finance by Boteti. African Diamonds' required equity will be advanced by De Beers in a $55m repayable loan.
  

• Motapa Diamonds Inc (MTP.V;MTP-WT.V) holds 35 prospecting licenses, 100% ownership over 28 PL's (1,77 million hectares), 60% over 7 PL's (0,48 million hectares) in joint venture with AfriOre Botswana (Pty) Ltd.Motapa has entered into a joint venture agreement with Stornoway Diamond Corporation, under terms in which Stornoway has a right to earn a 50% participating interest in a portion of Motapa's Botswana land package by meeting certain vesting requirements, including the funding of US$2m in exploration expenditures and the transferring to Motapa of US$1m in Stornoway shares.

• Firestone Diamonds plc (FRDIF.PK),mines alluvial deposits in South Africa) has been awarded a prospecting right on the BK11 kimberlite with indicated grades of between two and 17 carats per hundred tonnes. It is in the Orapa area with a new mine being developed five kilometres away at AK6. The company also has joint ventures and is involved in early stage exploration in the Mopipi area, 50 km to the west of Orapa mine. In 2007 the company announced that it had discovered 4 new kimberlites at the Tsabong area project, 280 km southwest of Jwaneng. Firestone subsequently reported that the estimated size of the BK11 kimberlite had increased from 6,5 ha to 8 ha. The company announced in December, 2008, that it had discovered 13 kimberlites to date at the Tsabong project in Botswana. The number of kimberlites in all license areas had reached 92, 23 of which are diamondiferous.
  

• DiamonEx Ltd (Australian, ASX:DON: BSE:DIAMONEX) is developing the Lerala diamond resource; comprising five diamondiferous kimberlite pipes which were originally discovered in the late 1980's by De Beers. The estimated Indicated Diamond Resource to a depth of 110m from surface, is 13.5 million tonnes at a grade of 27,41 carats per hundred tonnes. This represents approximately 3,7 million carats of diamonds.

• SouthernEra Diamonds Inc. announced on 28 March, 2007, that it had acquired a 55% interest in the BK16 kimberlite pipe located within the Orapa Kimberlite Field. Under the agreement, SouthernEra has the right to earn up to a 70% interest in the project by funding exploration to the completion of a definitive feasibility study. BK16 is located 40 kilometers to the east and 12 kilometers to the north of De Beers' Orapa and Letlhakane diamond mines, respectively. SouthernEra has entered into an agreement with Kenrod Engineering Services (Proprietary) Limited, a Botswana registered company which owns the BK16 prospecting license.

• Tawana Resources NL (Australian, TWNAF.PK) has been awarded a prospecting licence over eight kimberlites in the Orapa district of Botswana. The Orapa kimberlite field is one of the largest diamondiferous kimberlite fields in the world, containing 79 known kimberlites, of which the majority has been proven to be diamondiferous.
  

• Pan African Mining Corporation announced in May 2007 that the Botswana Geological Survey had granted six Prospecting Licences to its local, wholly-owned operating subsidiary PAM Botswana (Pty) Ltd. These three-year licences, form two separate diamond exploration target blocks, with a combined area of 5476 km2, located in the Ngamiland area of northwest Botswana. Selection of the prospects was based upon screening of remote sensing and aeromagnetic data as well as geochemical data. The newly licensed blocks contain a cluster of bulls-eye circular features aligned along a lineament. These features possess characteristics closely comparable to those associated with known sub-Kalahari kimberlites. One of these circular targets has an outer diameter in excess of 600 metres. The company reported in January, 2008, that it had completed the first phase of geochemical sampling on its Fairy Ring and Okavango Projects in the Northwest of Botswana. Each comprises three Prospecting Licences aggregating approximately 3000 sq. km, for a total area of some 6000 km2. The company's Okavango licenses are adjacent to claims recently acquired by De Beers in Botswana, and that company's Namibian affiliate (Namdeb) in neighbouring Namibia. This activity has been stimulated in part by an increasing consensus that the Congo craton, which hosts important economic diamond deposits, extends into northwest Botswana. Furthermore, this area is strategically located close to two major surface concentrations of diamonds and G10 garnets in the vicinity of Omatako and Tsumkwe, to the west in Namibia. It could therefore host the primary kimberlite sources of these two important unexplained kimberlite pathfinder anomalies.
  

• Petra Diamonds Ltd announced in May, 2007, that it had found a new kimberlite within its license areas and identified 20 new "highly encouraging" targets in its Orapa North licence block in Botswana. The company also said it had acquired two new prospecting licences in the Jwaneng area which hold two known diamondiferous kimberlites.
  

• Gem Diamonds Ltd [LSE:GEMD] announced on May 29, 2007, that it had bought Gope Exploration Company (GEC) from De Beers and a subsidiary of Xstrata for a cash consideration of $34-million, or R241-million. GEC was a De Beers Prospecting and Falconbridge Exploration Botswana joint venture, which focused on exploring a known kimberlite pipe in central Botswana. It has an indicated resource of 79 million tonnes down to 400 m below surface at a grade of 19 carats per hundred tonnes. A parcel of 3 400 carats recovered during sampling by De Beers was valued at $121/ct.

• Tsodilo Resources Limited's (TSX Venture Exchange: TSD) Botswana licenses are proximal to two major unexplained surface concentrations of diamonds and G10 garnets across the border in Namibia, one near the village of Tsumkwe and another in the area known as Omatako. The characteristics of these kimberlite pathfinder mineral anomalies indicate that they are secondary concentrations derived from respective primary high-grade kimberlite sources located elsewhere. The geomorphological model envisages that the Tsumkwe and Omatako pathfinder anomalies were formed by ancient rivers transporting diamonds and garnets derived from kimberlites located in the Company's license blocks. Prior to the deposition of the superficial Kalahari sand that covers much of Ngamiland, this area formed a topographic high. Rivers rising off this high ground flowed westward into a major inland sea located in the north of present-day Namibia. The Company's diamond targets cover former headwaters of this ancient river system and lie within the southern margin of the Congo craton. The 2007 drill program was completed in mid-December, and 15 target anomalies in the Nxau Nxau field have been confirmed as kimberlites.

Gold in Botswana

Gold Home

Click HERE for an overview (Mbendi)

Click HERE for Botswana Government Declines Shareholding in Mining Company

Geology

The Tati and Vumba greenstone belts, near Francistown and the Zimbabwe border, host the structurally controlled gold mineralization. The extensions of the Kraaipan greenstone belt in southern Botswana is also being explored.

• Gallery Gold Ltd (Australian, Frankfurt:GGL.F, and also active in Tanzania) operates the Mupane mine and holds a number of known gold properties under prospecting licences. Mupane mine has a resource of 983 000 oz gold and is operating with a planned production of 100 000 oz gold per year. Golden Eagle mine, together with Monarch and Shashe, have a combined resource estimated at 2,1 million t grading 5,5 g/t Au or 362 000 oz gold and are on a care and maintenance basis. The Signal Hill deposit has an inferred resource of 1,68 million t grading 2,2 g/t Au or 119 000 oz gold, of which 56 000 oz is recoverable from open pit. The licences also cover the defunct Monarch and Shashe mines.

• Tawana Resources NL (TWNAF.PK) has been investigating the Somerset deposit (alluvial) which has an indicated one million t of gravel at a reported average grade of 2,85 g/t Au.

• Central African Gold plc (AIM:CAN) is exploring the extensions of the Kraaipan Greenstone Belt in southern Botswana at their Kraaipan and Mabule projects.

• Aquentium, Inc. announced on 27 September, 2007, that the company had signed a joint venture agreement with Mootah Energetic Pty. Ltd. for the exploration and mining of gold and uranium in Botswana. Under terms of the agreement, Aquentium, Inc. and Mootah Energetic Pty. Ltd. have the exclusive rights to prospect for gold and uranium for an initial period of three years. The mining concession was granted by the Minister of Minerals, Energy, and Water Resources of Botswana and covers an area that is five hundred seventy two point six square kilometers (572.6 km2) located in southern Botswana.

Nickel

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Geology

Nickel sulphide mineralization, which is associated with pyroxenite sills, and gabbro-hosted mineralisation such as Phoenix, Selkirk and Tekwane, near Francistown.
The Phoenix mineralization is a co-magmatic sulphide deposit hosted by a meta-gabbroic intrusion. Mineralization is comprised of a series of stacked sub-parallel, sub-horizontal, discontinuous massive sulphide lenses, in association with meta-gabbro hosted disseminated sulphides. Mineralogically, the sulphide ore comprises on average 70% pyrrhotite, 20% pentlandite, and 10% chalcopyrite. The tenor of the massive sulphides can be as high as 8% nickel. The mineralization hosts significant Platinum Group Metals (PGM).
In its original form the Selkirk massive sulphide body, located 15 km south of Phoenix, was a shallow (25° to 35°) plunging zone of massive sulphide mineralization approximately 200m long, 100m wide and up to 20m thick. The massive sulphide ore body pinched out at 150m below surface. Mineralogically, the massive sulphide deposit was comprised of approximately 77% pyrrhotite, 10% pentlandite, 10% magnetite and 3% chalcopyrite, and graded approximately 2,6% nickel and 1,6% copper. The sulphide body is surrounded by lower tenor disseminated sulphide mineralization which is open ended down plunge and remains highly prospective.

• Bamangwato Concessions Limited (Botswana Government-30%) operates the Selebi-Phikwe mine consisting of Phikwe Central, South East Extension, Selebi North and Selebi.

• Albidon Ltd's Selebi-Phikwe Project comprises twenty contiguous Prospecting Licences covering approximately 17,466 sq km in the eastern part of the Central District of Botswana. The Project covers prospective ground to the west, south and east of the Selebi-Phikwe Nickel Mining District (>1 million t tonnes contained Ni) and includes numerous Ni-Cu occurrences, including the Lipadi Hill deposit. The project falls within the Exploration Cooperation Agreement signed with Western Mining Corporation (WMC) in October 2004, subsequently acquired by BHP Billiton. As part of this Agreement, WMC/BHP funded and operated the project during 2005, and BHP continued to do so in 2006. Albidon said in November, 2007, that it would start drilling at the Sunnyside and Kgwedi nickel prospects to provide an initial test of the coincident geophysical and geochemical targets, and, in particular, aim to assess whether the anomalies were caused by nickel mineralisation similar to that encountered in the 1970s drilling. The Sunnyside and Kgwedi prospects formed part of an 8 705 km2 tenement package held by Albidon to the south of Selebi-Phikwe district.
  

• LionOre (Canadian, TSX:LIM; AIM:LOR; ASX:LIM) has an 85% interest in Tati Nickel with the Government of Botswana holding the balance. Tati Nickel comprises the Phoenix open pit nickel mine and the Selkirk underground mine (on care and maintenance) and was formed in 1988. Mining commenced at the Selkirk underground mine in 1989 and at the Phoenix open pit in 1995. LionOre aquired an initial interest in 1996, which was increased to 85% in 2002 following the purchase of Anglo American's 44,5% interest. In 2005 Tati produced 8,581 t of nickel, 6,807 t of copper, 5,007 oz of platinum and 27,965 oz of palladium. LionOre produced 34,100 tonnes of payable nickel at a cost of $3,76 a pound, will increase output to 44,300 tonnes in 2007 at a cash cost of $3,52. It has a forecast price for 2007 of $7,35 a pound. A pre-feasibility study showed potential for an opencast mine at Selkirk to produce 20,000 tonnes of nickel a year for 13 years.

• Discovery Metals Ltd (Australian) secured the NE Botswana Nickel Project, through a farm-in deal with Falconbridge Exploration (Botswana) Pty Ltd. This project surrounds BCL Limited's three producing nickel sulphide mines in the Selebi-Phikwe region of Botswana. Discovery can earn up to 80% of the project for exploration expenditure of AUD$2,500,000. Nickel mineralization exists on the project at the Dikoloti and Lentswe prospects. Snowden Mining Industry Consultants have completed a resource estimate of the Dikoloti nickel deposit reporting that the mineral resource is 1,2 million tonnes @ 0,84% nickel and 0,46% copper at a nickel cut-off grade of 0,5% and has been classified in the Inferred category according to the 1999 JORC Code. The company announced in February, 2007 commencement of a drilling program to test ten newly identified conductors at the company's Lentswe and Dikoloti prospects.

• Botswana Metals Ltd, a 100% subsidiary of A-Cap Resources Ltd, control 4500 square kilometres of exploration tenements for nickel and copper between the nickel mines of Selebi Phikwe to the south and Tati to the north. Previous exploration has suggested potentially targets for follow-up drilling.

Uranium

• A-Cap Resources Ltd is exploring the Mokobaesi No. 1 deposit (Surficial, Karoo sandstone). An area of surficial uranium oxide mineralisation has also been discovered during regional grid clearing at the Serule prospect 10km south of the current drilling at Mokobaesi. The mineral occurrence is noted to be largely confined to fracture and joint planes within a fine-grained sedimentary unit of the Karoo Supergroup. This unit is geologically similar to the rocktypes that host the mineralisation at Mokobaesi and Kraken. A-Cap Resources announced in January, 2008, an initial Inferred Mineral Resource at its Mokobaesi and Kraken prospects of 20 million pounds of uranium. The prospects, which form part of the larger Letlhakane Projcet in the North East, come from a resource covering an area of approximately six kilometres (east to west) by three kilometres (north to south) and extends from the surface to a depth of 45 metres.
  
  

• Bannerman Resources Ltd is exploring the occurrences at Serule (Surficial) and Dukwe (Surficial) with the aid of 1970's radiometric data of Falconbridge.

• Energy Ventures Ltd (also in Zambia) is exploring Sese.

• UraMin Inc (also active in CAR, Chad, Mozambique and Namibia) is exploring the Botsalano Ring Complex.

Zinc

• Mount Burgess Mining N.L. is exploring the Kihabe zinc project, located 700 kilometres north west of Gaborone on the Namibian border in “Ngamiland” Botswana. The prospecting licence covers a fault-bounded Proterozoic-aged carbonate sub basin and a significant zinc, lead and silver soil geochemical anomaly is being drilled.