tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71045708303442546862024-03-06T22:02:48.788+02:00SpilpuntMineral commodities and Africa<br>
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Information for geologists and miners exploring mineral deposits in AfricaSimon van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10600534057491489955noreply@blogger.comBlogger550125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-56202704268714636262018-09-20T16:10:00.001+02:002019-02-15T13:47:23.458+02:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-4516996079682346922017-07-19T14:46:00.002+02:002017-09-30T16:33:03.635+02:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://www.usfunds.com/media/images/investor-alert/_2015/2015-02-13/COMM-Minerals-in-africa-02132015-lg.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.usfunds.com/media/images/investor-alert/_2015/2015-02-13/COMM-Minerals-in-africa-02132015-lg.gif" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="800" height="261" width="400" /></a></div>
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Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-39653139223897594892015-09-30T18:53:00.000+02:002018-01-23T19:52:16.839+02:00Gold<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnAX5UttJZh6I1XPR5EH0oH98mXpLPHqfyiy2hn-F3OqTKpeSZ3RrvfxnSoaZHgUx4tlWGyCIBeJkmrHr0Oj-yUS3LOJirzfMDxtEW7E0H_WVn2yqweRUYysmx2lHSwjsq1IrtV8YCBYmK/s1600-h/rhino01.jpg" title=""><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnAX5UttJZh6I1XPR5EH0oH98mXpLPHqfyiy2hn-F3OqTKpeSZ3RrvfxnSoaZHgUx4tlWGyCIBeJkmrHr0Oj-yUS3LOJirzfMDxtEW7E0H_WVn2yqweRUYysmx2lHSwjsq1IrtV8YCBYmK/s320/rhino01.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px;" title="" /></a></div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A figurine of a golden rhino found at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" target="_blank">Mapungubwe</a> (ca. 1050 to 1270 A.D.) Courtesy of University of Pretoria, South Africa.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;">Gold is one of the least reactive chemical elements, solid under standard conditions. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, usually with tellurium. Gold resists attacks by individual acids, but it can be dissolved by the aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid), so named because it dissolves gold. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which have been used in mining. It dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys; is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, giving rise to the term acid test. Besides its widespread monetary and symbolic functions, gold has many practical uses in dentistry, electronics, and other fields. Its high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity has led to many uses, including electric wiring, colored-glass production, and gold leafing.</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2014/10/gold-news.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: -webkit-left;">Gold News</a>
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.minefund.com/market-basics/?c=gold">Gold market basics</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), Australia is the world’s second-largest <span style="color: black;"><a class="topiclink always-topic" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">gold</a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>producing country after <span style="color: black;"><a class="topiclink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">China</a></span>, which it estimated to have produced 455 t of gold in 2016. In third place was <span style="color: black;"><a class="topiclink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Russia</a></span>, followed by the US, Canada and Peru. South Africa, once the world largest gold producing country, was seventh with 140 t.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">China in 2015 was the planet’s largest gold market in both supply and demand terms, with yearly gold production up 650% to 462 t from 60 t in 1985..</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></span> <span style="font-size: 130%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gold price latest:</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: lime; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://www.kitco.com/connecting.html"><b><img alt="[Most Recent Quotes from www.kitco.com]" border="0" src="http://www.kitconet.com/images/sp_en_6.gif" /></b></a></span><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.kitco.com/charts/livegold.html">Click </a></b><b><a href="http://www.kitco.com/charts/livegold.html">HERE</a></b></span><b><a href="http://www.kitco.com/charts/livegold.html"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> to view latest price trend</span></a><a href="http://www.kitco.com/charts/livegold.html" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms'; font-size: 100%;">s</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 100%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://go.infomine.com/goldcharts"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gold price: 12 months</span></b></span></a></span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: lime;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://go.infomine.com/goldcharts"><b><img alt="Gold charts on InfoMine.com" border="0" src="http://charts.infomine.com/?1" /></b></a><b><br />
</b> </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 100%;"> <b><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2008/01/gold-price-15-years.html"></a></b></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 100%;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;"><b></b></span></b></span></span> <a href="http://goldprice.org/gold-price-per-gram.html"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Click</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">HERE</span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">to view price per gram in different currencies</span></span></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://goldprice.org/gold-price-per-gram.html"><br />
</a></span></span><a href="http://goldprice.org/gold-price-per-gram.html"> </a></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Conversion: 1 gram = 0.03215 troy ounces</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.thecalculatorsite.com/conversions/substances/gold.php" target="_blank">Gold weight conversion</a></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The gold price ended 2016 up 8%. Having risen 25% by the end of September, gold relinquished some of its gains in Q4 following Trump’s conciliatory acceptance speech and the FOMC’s interest rate rise.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gold has lost value for three straight years, starting in 2013.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gold prices declined slightly over 2014 as losses in the year’s final day of trading prevented the metal from merely breaking even on an annual basis. For the year, gold prices declined 1.5%, compared with the Dec. 31, 2013, settlement price of $1,202.30 an ounce.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At the end of 2013 the gold price closed $472.90 or 28.2% lower than in 2012; the first time in 12 years that the price dropped. However, global mined gold output rose 4% in 2013 to 2,982 tonnes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.miningmx.com/page/news/gold_and_silver/1654545-Peak-gold-due-by-2020-as-exploration-slides#.Vgk7GM2Uf0o">Peakgold due by 2020 as exploration slides</a></span></span></h1>
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<a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2014/11/century-old-gold-price-fix-swept-away_7.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;">Century-old gold price 'fix' swept away with ICE platform</a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2008/01/gold-price-vs-oil-price-60-years_13.html">Gold price vs oil price: 60 years</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-gold-price-100-years-from-now-will.html" target="_blank">The gold price 100 years from now will be,,,,,</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2008/01/links-to-gold-supply-and-demand.html">Click HERE for links to gold supply and demand</a></span></span></b></span></span></span><br />
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<li><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> </span></span></b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-myth-of-falling-gold-demand-by.html" target="_blank">The myth of 'falling' gold demand</a></span></li>
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<li><span style="color: magenta; font-size: large;"> <a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2012/10/does-gold-mining-matter-mises-daily.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Does gold mining matter? (</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 20.796297073364258px;">What determines the price of gold?</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 20.796297073364258px;">)</span></a></span></li>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2014/10/gold-news.html"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a></span></span><br />
<a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2014/10/list-of-gold-stocks-with-latest.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">List of gold stocks with latest financial data</span></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.goldcorp.com/files/docs_presentations/2014/MMC-Oct-14.pdf"><br /></a> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.goldcorp.com/files/docs_presentations/2014/MMC-Oct-14.pdf">Value Creation in the Gold Mining Sector (Goldcorp)</a></span><br />
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<tr><th><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rank</span></th><th align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Country</span></th><th align="left" colspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;">World Mine Production, By Country (Kilograms) - 2009</span></th></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=cn&product=gold&graph=production">China</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">320,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="320000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="350" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=us&product=gold&graph=production">United States</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">223,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="223000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="244" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=au&product=gold&graph=production">Australia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">222,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="222000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="243" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=za&product=gold&graph=production">South Africa</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">197,698</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="197698" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="216" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ru&product=gold&graph=production">Russian Federation</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">190,693</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="190693" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="209" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">6</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=pe&product=gold&graph=production">Peru</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">182,391</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="182391" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="199" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=id&product=gold&graph=production">Indonesia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">130,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="130000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="142" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ca&product=gold&graph=production">Canada</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">97,367</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="97367" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="106" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">9</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=uz&product=gold&graph=production">Uzbekistan</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">90,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="90000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="98" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">10</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gh&product=gold&graph=production">Ghana</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">86,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="86000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="94" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">11</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=pg&product=gold&graph=production">Papua New Guinea</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">66,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="66000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="72" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">12</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=br&product=gold&graph=production">Brazil</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">60,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="60000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="66" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">13</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=mx&product=gold&graph=production">Mexico</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">51,393</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="51393" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="56" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">14</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=co&product=gold&graph=production">Colombia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">47,837</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="47837" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="52" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">15</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ar&product=gold&graph=production">Argentina</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">47,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="47000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="51" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">16</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ml&product=gold&graph=production">Mali</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">42,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="42000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="46" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">17</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=cl&product=gold&graph=production">Chile</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">40,834</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="40834" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="45" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">18</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=tz&product=gold&graph=production">Tanzania, United Republic Of</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">40,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="40000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="44" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">19</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ph&product=gold&graph=production">Philippines</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">37,047</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="37047" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="41" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">20</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=kz&product=gold&graph=production">Kazakhstan</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">22,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="22000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="24" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">21</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gn&product=gold&graph=production">Guinea</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">18,083</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="18083" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="20" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">22</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=kg&product=gold&graph=production">Kyrgyzstan</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">16,950</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="16950" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="19" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">23</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=bf&product=gold&graph=production">Burkina Faso</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">13,500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="13500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="15" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">24</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=nz&product=gold&graph=production">New Zealand</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">13,442</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="13442" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="15" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">25</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=sr&product=gold&graph=production">Suriname</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">12,193</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="12193" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="13" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">26</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=tr&product=gold&graph=production">Turkey</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">12,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="12000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="13" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">27</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ve&product=gold&graph=production">Venezuela</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">10,500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="10500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="11" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">28</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=mn&product=gold&graph=production">Mongolia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">9,803</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="9803" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="11" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">29</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gt&product=gold&graph=production">Guatemala</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8,485</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="8485" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="9" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">30</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gy&product=gold&graph=production">Guyana</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8,183</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="8183" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="9" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">31</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=mr&product=gold&graph=production">Mauritania</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">8,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="8000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="9" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">32</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=jp&product=gold&graph=production">Japan</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="7000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="8" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">33</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=fi&product=gold&graph=production">Finland</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="7000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="8" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">34</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=bo&product=gold&graph=production">Bolivia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">7,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="7000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="8" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">35</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ci&product=gold&graph=production">Côte D'ivoire</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">6,573</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="6573" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="7" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">36</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=sn&product=gold&graph=production">Senegal</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5,600</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="5600" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="6" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">37</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=sa&product=gold&graph=production">Saudi Arabia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5,500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="5500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="6" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">38</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=se&product=gold&graph=production">Sweden</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="5000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="5" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">39</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=la&product=gold&graph=production">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="5000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="5" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">40</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=zw&product=gold&graph=production">Zimbabwe</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4,200</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="4200" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="5" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">41</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=bg&product=gold&graph=production">Bulgaria</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4,200</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="4200" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="5" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">42</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=es&product=gold&graph=production">Spain</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3,450</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="3450" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="4" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">43</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ni&product=gold&graph=production">Nicaragua</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3,400</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="3400" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="4" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">44</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=et&product=gold&graph=production">Ethiopia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3,400</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="3400" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="4" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">45</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=vn&product=gold&graph=production">Viet Nam</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="3000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="3" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">46</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=th&product=gold&graph=production">Thailand</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="3000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="3" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">47</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=in&product=gold&graph=production">India</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,800</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2800" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="3" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">48</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=my&product=gold&graph=production">Malaysia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,794</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2794" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="3" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">49</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=uy&product=gold&graph=production">Uruguay</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,180</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2180" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">50</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=hn&product=gold&graph=production">Honduras</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,127</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2127" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">51</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ec&product=gold&graph=production">Ecuador</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,092</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2092" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">52</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=na&product=gold&graph=production">Namibia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,022</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2022" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">53</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=cd&product=gold&graph=production">Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">54</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=kp&product=gold&graph=production">Korea, Democratic People's Republic Of</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">55</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gf&product=gold&graph=production">French Guiana</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">56</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ne&product=gold&graph=production">Niger</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">57</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ge&product=gold&graph=production">Georgia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">58</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=bw&product=gold&graph=production">Botswana</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2,000</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="2000" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">59</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=sd&product=gold&graph=production">Sudan</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,922</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1922" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">60</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=cm&product=gold&graph=production">Cameroon</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,600</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1600" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">61</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ug&product=gold&graph=production">Uganda</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,600</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1600" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">62</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=zm&product=gold&graph=production">Zambia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">63</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=fr&product=gold&graph=production">France</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="2" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">64</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=tj&product=gold&graph=production">Tajikistan</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,361</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1361" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">65</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ma&product=gold&graph=production">Morocco</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,200</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1200" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">66</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=dk&product=gold&graph=production">Denmark</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,117</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1117" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">67</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=fj&product=gold&graph=production">Fiji</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,040</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1040" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">68</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=dz&product=gold&graph=production">Algeria</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1,010</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="1010" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">69</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=am&product=gold&graph=production">Armenia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">944</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="944" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">70</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=pl&product=gold&graph=production">Poland</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">814</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="814" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">71</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=pa&product=gold&graph=production">Panama</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">800</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="800" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">72</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=bi&product=gold&graph=production">Burundi</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">750</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="750" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">73</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=lr&product=gold&graph=production">Liberia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">600</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="600" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">74</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=mz&product=gold&graph=production">Mozambique</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">511</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="511" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">75</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=rs&product=gold&graph=production">Serbia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=cr&product=gold&graph=production">Costa Rica</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">77</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gr&product=gold&graph=production">Greece</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">500</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="500" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="1" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">78</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=it&product=gold&graph=production">Italy</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">450</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="450" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">79</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ir&product=gold&graph=production">Iran, Islamic Republic Of</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">400</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="400" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">80</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ro&product=gold&graph=production">Romania</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">400</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="400" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">81</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=az&product=gold&graph=production">Azerbaijan</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">353</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="353" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">82</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ga&product=gold&graph=production">Gabon</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">300</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="300" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">83</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ke&product=gold&graph=production">Kenya</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">300</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="300" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">84</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=ng&product=gold&graph=production">Nigeria</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">200</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="200" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">85</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=sl&product=gold&graph=production">Sierra Leone</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">200</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="200" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">86</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gq&product=gold&graph=production">Equatorial Guinea</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">200</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="200" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">87</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=sk&product=gold&graph=production">Slovakia</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">200</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="200" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">88</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=gb&product=gold&graph=production">United Kingdom</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">185</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="185" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">89</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=kr&product=gold&graph=production">Korea, Republic Of</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">175</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="175" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">90</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=do&product=gold&graph=production">Dominican Republic</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">173</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="173" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">91</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=mm&product=gold&graph=production">Myanmar</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">100</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="100" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">92</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=td&product=gold&graph=production">Chad</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">100</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="100" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">93</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=cg&product=gold&graph=production">Congo</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">100</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="100" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">94</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=mg&product=gold&graph=production">Madagascar</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">70</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="70" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">95</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=er&product=gold&graph=production">Eritrea</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">30</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="30" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">96</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=om&product=gold&graph=production">Oman</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">28</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="28" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">97</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=rw&product=gold&graph=production">Rwanda</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">20</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="20" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">98</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=bj&product=gold&graph=production">Benin</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">20</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="20" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">99</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=cf&product=gold&graph=production">Central African Republic</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">10</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="10" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">100</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.indexmundi.com/minerals/?country=bz&product=gold&graph=production">Belize</a></span></td><td align="right"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5</span></td><td><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="5" src="http://www.indexmundi.com/img/g.gif" height="10" width="0" /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="note" id="lblSource">
<b>Source:</b> <a href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/">United States Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Resources Program</a></div>
<div class="note" id="lblNote">
<b></b></div>
<span class="note" id="lblDataNote">Year of Estimate: 2009</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li><span class="note" id="lblDataNote"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black; border-width: 0px; color: #b6d7a8; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://minefund.com/mineral-deposits/country-reserves.php" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Gold Deposits by Country</a></span> </span></span></li>
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<li><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms";"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2008/01/companies-producing-more-than-300-000.html">Companies producing more than 300 000 oz of gold per year</a></span></span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: large;"><a href="http://spilpunt.blogspot.com/2012/10/no-easy-ride-for-worlds-top-10-gold.html">No easy ride for world's top 10 gold miners</a>"</span></span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: large;"> <a href="http://www.mining-technology.com/features/feature-top-ten-biggest-gold-mines-south-africa/">Top 10 bigest gold mines</a></span></span></li>
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</ul>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page34?oid=156837&sn=Detail">World's ten biggest gold mines according to 2011 production figures</a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>1. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-4.0560989&lon=137.1105766&z=15&l=0&m=b&search=Grasberg%20mine" target="_blank">Grasberg Mine</a> (Indonesia) - </b>1,444,000 ounces -</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b><a href="http://www.fcx.com/" target="_blank">Freeport-McMoRan</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/FCX/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3AFCX%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=5&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>2. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=40.2434471&lon=-116.7286118&z=13&l=0&m=b&search=Cortez%20mine%20" target="_blank">Cortez</a> (U.S.A.) - </b>1,421,000 ounces - <b><a href="http://www.barrick.com/" target="_blank">Barrick Gold</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/ABX/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3AABX%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=1&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-6.9806976&lon=-78.5182592&z=13&l=0&m=b&search=Yanacocha%20mine" target="_blank">Yanacocha</a> (Peru) - </b>1,293,000 ounces -</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b><a href="http://www.newmont.com/" target="_blank">Newmont</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/NEM/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3ANEM%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=5&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>4. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=40.980661&lon=-116.3804907&z=15&l=0&m=b&search=%20Goldstrike%20" target="_blank">Goldstrike</a> (U.S.A.) - </b>1,088,000 ounces -</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b><a href="http://www.barrick.com/" target="_blank">Barrick Gold</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/ABX/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3AABX%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=1&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>5. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-29.3809877&lon=-69.9509705&z=12&l=0&m=b&search=Minas%20de%20Veladeros%20Argentina" target="_blank">Veladero</a> (Argentina) - </b>957,000 ounces -</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b><a href="http://www.barrick.com/" target="_blank">Barrick Gold</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/ABX/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3AABX%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=1&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: black;">6. </span><a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-26.9697319&lon=26.7410659&z=12&l=0&m=b&search=Vaal%20River" style="background-color: black;" target="_blank">Vaal River</a> <span style="background-color: black;">(South Africa) - </span></b><span style="background-color: black;">831,000 ounces - </span><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.anglogold.co.za/default.htm" target="_blank">Anglogold Ashanti</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/AU/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3AAU%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=5&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b><span style="background-color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b>7. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-30.7767409&lon=121.5025609&z=14&l=0&m=b&search=The%20Super%20Pit%20(" target="_blank">The Super Pit</a> ( Kalgoorlie-Boulder, WA, Australia) - </b>794,000 ounces - Joint venture owned by <b><a href="http://www.newmont.com/" target="_blank">Newmont</a> and <a href="http://www.barrick.com/" target="_blank">Barrick</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b>8. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-26.4338358&lon=27.4184096&z=13&l=0&m=b&search=West%20Wits%20Gold%20Mine" target="_blank">West Wits</a> (South Africa) - </b>792,000 ounces - <b><a href="http://www.anglogold.co.za/default.htm" target="_blank">Anglogold Ashanti</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/AU/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3AAU%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=5&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>9. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-7.9382146&lon=-78.2577449&z=13&l=0&m=b&search=Lagunas%20Norte%20Gold%20Mine" target="_blank">Lagunas Norte</a> (Peru) - </b>763,000 ounces - <b><a href="http://www.barrick.com/" target="_blank">Barrick Gold</a> - <a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/ABX/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3AABX%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=1&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank">view chart</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin: 6pt 0cm 0cm;">
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>10. <a href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=-32.7217877&lon=116.3604089&z=13&l=0&m=b&search=Boddington%20mine" target="_blank">Boddington mine</a> (Boddington, WA, Australia) - </b>741,000 ounces --</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.newmont.com/" target="_blank">Newmont</a> -<a href="http://ycharts.com/companies/NEM/chart#series=type%3Acompany%2Cid%3ANEM%2Ccalc%3Aprice%2C%2Cid%3Agold_price%2Ctype%3Aindicator%2Ccalc%3A&format=real&recessions=false&zoom=5&startDate=&endDate=" target="_blank"> view chart</a></b></span></span></div>
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</div>
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/32793573/MAJOR-GOLD-DISCOVERIES-WORLDWIDE_-1991-2004" target="_blank">Major Gold Discoveries Worldwide, 1991-2004</a></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: small;">The Western World average for grassroots discoveries of new gold mines was $55/oz for the period 1985 to 2002 according to a WMC paper or $30/oz according to the Metals Economics Group 2004 paper “Major Gold Discoveries Worldwide.”</span> </span></div>
<div>
</div>
<h3 class="post-title">
</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/gold/af/p0005.htm" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Click <span style="font-weight: bold;">HERE</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>for an overview of <span style="font-weight: bold;">GOLD MINING IN AFRICA</span> (MBendi)</span></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<h3 class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: large;">List
of mining companies operating within the Birimian Greenstone Belts in Africa</span></span></b></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<ul><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.africangoldgroup.com/" target="_blank">African
Gold Group</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.africanqueenmines.com/" target="_blank">African
Queen Mines Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.alectominerals.com/" target="_blank">Alecto
Minerals Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.anglogoldashanti.com/en/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank">AngloGold
Ashanti Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.asantegold.com/" target="_blank">Asante
Gold Corporation</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.asanko.com/" target="_blank">Asanko
Gold Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.auroraminerals.com.au/Projects.aspx" target="_blank">Aurora
Minerals Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://avnelgold.com/" target="_blank">Avnel
Gold Mining Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.avocetmining.com/" target="_blank">Avocet
Mining plc</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.azumahresources.com.au/" target="_blank">Azumah
Resources Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.b2gold.com/" target="_blank">B2
Gold Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.birimiangold.com/" target="_blank">Birimian
Gold Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://cardinalresources.com.au/" target="_blank">Cardinal
Resources</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.castlepeakmining.com/s/Home.asp" target="_blank">Castle
Peak Mining</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.centamin.com/centamin/" target="_blank">Centamin
Mining</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.desertgold.ca/project_mali.php" target="_blank">Desert
Gold Inc</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.endeavourmining.com/" target="_blank">Endeavour
Mining Corporation</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.gsr.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Golden
Star Resources</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.goldfields.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Gold
Fields</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.gryphonminerals.com.au/index.php/en/" target="_blank">Gryphon
Minerals Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.hummingbirdresources.co.uk/" target="_blank">HummingBird
Resources</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.iamgold.com/" target="_blank">Iamgold
Corp</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.merrexgold.com/s/Home.asp" target="_blank">Merrex
Gold Inc</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.newmont.com/home/default.aspx" target="_blank">Newmont
Mining</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nordgold.com/" target="_blank">Nordgold</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.okloresources.com/" target="_blank">Oklo
Resources Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.perseusmining.com.au/" target="_blank">Perseus
Mining Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://pinsapogold.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Pinsapo
Gold S.A.</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.predictivediscovery.com/projects/burkina-faso" target="_blank">Predictive
Discovery Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.randgoldresources.com/" target="_blank">RandGold
Resources</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.saramaresources.com/" target="_blank">Sarama
Resources Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.savarygold.com/" target="_blank">Savary
Gold</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.semafo.com/English/home/default.aspx" target="_blank">Semafo
Inc</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.tarugagold.com.au/" target="_blank">Taruga
Gold Ltd</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.truegoldmining.com/" target="_blank">True
Gold Mining</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.westafricanresources.com/" target="_blank">West
African Resources Ltd</a>, and</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="justify">
<span style="color: #ffcc00;"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.westendmining.com/" target="_blank">West
End Mining</a>,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
</div>
</li>
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span>
<h3 align="justify" class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
<b><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: medium;">List
of gold deposits in the Birimian Greenstone Belts:</span></span></b></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 670px;">
<colgroup><col width="219"></col>
<col width="217"></col>
<col width="222"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr>
<td height="26" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><b><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Deposit</span></span></b></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><b><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Country</span></span></b></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><b><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Contained</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ounces</span></span></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Obuasi</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">42,300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Tarkwa</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">30,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Afaho</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">27,127,024</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Akyem</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">20,300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Loulo</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mail</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">18,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Sadiola</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">18,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Prestea</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">10,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Dossi</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">9,400,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Teberbie</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">9,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Siguiri</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Guinea</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">7,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">7,100,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Morila</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">7,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Inata</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">6,700,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Essakane</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">6,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Kiaka</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">5,900,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Konongo</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">5,600,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bomboré</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">5,300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Syama</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">5,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bissa
Hill</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">5,100,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bibiani</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">5,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Chirano</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">5,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Tongon</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Cote
d’ivoire</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">4,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Banfora</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">4,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Yatela</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">4,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Gaoua</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">4,400,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Fekola</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">4,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Abosso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">4,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Sabodala</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">4,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Massawa</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,600,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bélahouro</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Tabakoto-Segala</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mali</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Karma</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,400,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Konkera</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bogoso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Batie
West</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,100,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Damang</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">3,000,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Obotan</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">2,800,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Samira
Hill</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">2,500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Iduapriem</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">2,300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Houndé</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">2,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Taparko</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">2,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Vindaloo</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">2,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Natougou</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,800,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Youga</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,600,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bonikro</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Cote
d’ivoire</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalsaka/Sega</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Poura</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Tanlouka</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Salman</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bouly</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,100,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Yaramoko</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">1,100,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Souma</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">760,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Nabanga</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">700,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Mapan</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">700,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Sartenga</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">651,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ronguen</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">500,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Bondi</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">400,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Kubi</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ghana</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">400,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="23" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Ouare</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">300,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="24" style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="219"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Balogo</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="217"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">Burkina
Faso</span></span></td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0cm;" width="222"><span style="font-family: "ubuntu";"><span style="font-size: small;">200,000</span></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 class="post-title">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.smedg.org.au/premoli.pdf" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">AFRICAN GOLD: POTENTIAL, PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES</a></span></h3>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">
<span style="color: silver; font-family: "trebuchet ms"; font-size: 85%;"> </span></div>
<div style="color: silver; text-align: center;">
<div style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifiFM7AD1EGBMySX7eQpsXNT3TFaBaYh0fNnsBGUv6iJr3NGso_HhguvTLVGyIfj2tcF6_FpVViEQPABraXKzWQPJN99OuIzY7Gf5LOpAAZa30KeoZ2c5GRT16oyilsn9R35P0kbVX62YP/s1600-h/Comp.jpg" style="font-family: lucida grande;" title=""><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifiFM7AD1EGBMySX7eQpsXNT3TFaBaYh0fNnsBGUv6iJr3NGso_HhguvTLVGyIfj2tcF6_FpVViEQPABraXKzWQPJN99OuIzY7Gf5LOpAAZa30KeoZ2c5GRT16oyilsn9R35P0kbVX62YP/s320/Comp.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center;" title="" /></a><span style="font-size: 78%;"> Source: <span style="font-style: italic;"><a href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/">The Spectator</a><br />
<span style="font-family: "lucida grande"; font-size: 100%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">The meek shall inherit the earth, but not the mineral rights.</span><br />
</span></span><span style="font-family: "lucida grande"; font-size: 130%; font-weight: bold;">-</span><span style="font-family: "lucida grande"; font-size: 100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Getty">Jean Paul Getty</a></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-68622315887804434552015-09-30T17:15:00.003+02:002015-09-30T17:15:44.735+02:00Vanadium News<span class="item-title" style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -15px;"><a href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/bushveld-declares-maiden-resource-at-mokopane-project-2015-09-30" style="color: #aadd99;" target="_blank">Bushveld declares maiden resource at Mokopane project</a></span><span class="item-date" style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -15px;"> - 30/09/201</span>Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-34650819764675681392015-09-27T17:10:00.000+02:002018-09-21T18:31:55.150+02:00Streaming and royalty companies<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 0.69cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Streaming
companies like<a href="http://www.franco-nevada.com/"> Franco-Nevada</a> (NYSE:<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://seekingalpha.com/symbol/fnv">FNV</a></span>),
<a href="http://www.silverwheaton.com/">Silver Wheaton Corp. </a>(NYSE:<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://seekingalpha.com/symbol/slw">SLW</a></span>) ,<a href="http://www.royalgold.com/"> Royal Gold Inc. </a>(NASDAQ:<span style="border: none; display: inline-block; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://seekingalpha.com/symbol/rgld">RGLD</a></span>) and <a href="https://www.sandstormgold.com/">Sandstorm Gold</a> give miners upfront payments in exchange for the right to buy metals
at a discount in the future. Franco-Nevada also does royalty
agreements, tying portions of production to land titles.</span></div>
</div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-20228629585252915742014-12-23T15:45:00.000+02:002015-11-21T10:09:22.922+02:00Coal News<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<ul style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/global-coal-market-declines-for-first-time-in-21-years-eia-2015-11-21" style="color: #aa77aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Global coal market declines for first time in 21 years – EIA</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 21/11/2015</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/coal-prices-seen-depressed-until-more-mines-close-2015-10-20" style="color: #aadd99;" target="_blank">Coal prices seen depressed until more mines close</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 20/10/2015</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title">I<a href="http://www.fin24.com/Economy/India-in-talks-to-buy-coal-mines-in-SA-20151019">ndia in talks to buy coal mines in South Africa</a>, 19/10'/2015</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/coal-futures-drop-to-50t-first-time-since-2003-as-goldman-calls-peak-2015-09-23" style="color: #aa77aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Coal futures drop to $50/t first time since 2003 as Goldman calls peak</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 23/09/2015</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.miningmx.com/page/news/energy/1654364-Corporate-dispute-erupts-at-Resgen" style="color: #aadd99;" target="_blank">Corporate dispute erupts at Resgen</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 18/09/2015</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.topix.net/business/mining/2014/12/pressures-on-coal-show-no-signs-of-ending?fromrss=1" style="color: #aadd99;" target="_self">Pressures on coal show no signs of ending</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 29/12/201</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/resourceinvestornews/~3/RDLYI5_ODQM/coal-bears-arent-going-anywhere" style="color: #aa77aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Coal bears aren't going anywhere</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 12/23/2014</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/turning-point-for-coal-japanese-trading-firms-snap-up-coal-assets-2014-12-22" style="color: #aa77aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Turning point for coal? Japanese trading firms snap up coal assets</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 12/22/2014</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-5812757844734874112014-12-10T17:01:00.001+02:002014-12-10T17:35:15.234+02:00Tungsten News<ul style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/resourceinvestornews/~3/EwJhP_2gwak/a-taste-for-tungstenfinding-the-sweet-spot-for-inv" style="color: #aadd99;" target="_blank">A taste for tungsten—Finding the sweet spot for investors</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 12/9/2014</span></li>
</ul>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-861249672496653352014-12-10T16:58:00.002+02:002014-12-10T16:58:53.640+02:00Nickel NewsCarel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-49435907261143182292014-12-05T13:34:00.001+02:002014-12-05T13:34:24.871+02:00China's R7.7bn SA mining splurge confounds<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>China's R7.7bn SA mining
splurge confounds</b><br />
<br />
[<a href="http://www.miningmx.com/"><span style="color: #464646; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">miningmx.com</span></a>] – PROPOSALS by Chinese investors to buy marginal South
African precious metal assets totalling R7.7bn raises the question as to
whether the flurry in business activity signals the bottom of the commodities
cycle, or if the approaches are merely coincidental, or just plain
wrong-headed?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“The Chinese are very
astute investors. Although they do have some difficulty operating in Western
economies, it’s still fair to say that they are very commercial,” said Neal
Froneman, CEO of Sibanye Gold.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Froneman knows a thing
or two about Chinese investment. He sold Gold One International to a Chinese
consortium ahead of the combination of some of its assets with Sibanye Gold
which was demerged from Gold Fields. As a result, about 20% of Sibanye’s share
register consists of Asian investors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The question about the
intentions of Chinese investors comes after a series of announcements by
Chinese companies in October and November that they were investing in South
African mining.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first this year was
a bid by a consortium led by China National Arts & Crafts Corporation for
the Blue Ridge mine of Aquarius Platinum for about $37m (R405m). The
transaction was eventually scuttled – much to the annoyance of Aquarius – after
the South African government failed to approve the proposed transaction,
allegedly because its empowerment credentials didn’t add up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The other four proposals
are still in the pipes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Three of them are rival
takeover bids of a $148m (R1.6bn) and a $150m (R1.64bn) and another $150m for
Johannesburg’s Central Rand Gold (CRG). The suitors are a Hong Kong-registered
businesses called Hiria Group, Beijing Ankong Investment and Shengbang Jiabo
Consulting. Somewhat eccentrically, the parent companies of some of these
Chinese businesses have diverse, non-mining interests ranging from yacht hire
to chemicals and even media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The third is the
somewhat heftier $225m (R2.46bn) offer by Hebei Zhongbo for Eastern Platinum, a
Johannesburg and Toronto-listed platinum mining company that put its eastern
and western bushveld properties into mothballs in 2012 and 2013 as the platinum
price dived.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What’s interesting is
that none of these assets could be described as a dripping roast while the
identity of the bidders is strange to Western eyes: the notion of an arts and crafts
led consortium makes one think of crayons and glue rather than backacters and
graders.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Paul Smith, COO of
Wesizwe Platinum, a R1.3bn company in which China’s Jinchuan Group has a 45%
stake, believes the bids for Eastern Platinum and Central Rand Gold are
misjudged investments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“I find them astonishing
and astounding. I can’t understand why these companies are buying these assets.
They are really buying liabilities,” said Smith who added that while Jinchuan
Group had knowledge of the bidders, it would be a mistake to think there was “a
higher order” logic to the offers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“I suppose there’s a
flavour in them that this is the very bottom of the market. So if people really
believe that it’s the bottom of the cycle, and the prices for commodities [such
as platinum] recover really agressively, it could be a good buy,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ilja Graulich who works
at Madini Minerals, a private equity company that is currently investing and
helping to manage assets in Africa, said the first wave of Chinese investment
was fairly undiscriminating, such as the 2011, $580m bid by Hing Wing
International for Taung Gold, an exploration business that is yet to progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“The Chinese have never
been scared about entering South Africa,” said Graulich. “What has changed,
however, is that they are learning to walk away from assets,” he added. His
former company, Elemental Minerals, which was developing potash in the Central
African Republic, saw an offer from China’s Dingyi Group fail earlier this
year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Froneman said the
important perspective about Chinese investment in South Africa is that it’s not
time-bound by the same deadlines as Western companies. “In general, they have a
longer time-frame in respect of commodities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Disruptions don’t phase
them and they have a completey different view of political risk,” he said
adding that South Africa’s participation in the BRICS alliance was starting to
bear fruit in these mining investments. “They are bankrolling some South
African deposits as a means of getting in Africa,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A potential investment
by China in the South African steel industry – which has limped along at best
over the last five years - is another example of the speculative nature of
Chinese investment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">State-owned Hebei Iron
and Steel said on September 12 that it had signed a deal to take a 51% stake in
a venture with the Industrial Development Corporation and the China-Africa
Development Fund to build its biggest overseas steel mill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It’s an approach that
has David Brown, CEO of Coal of Africa, particularly interested.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CoAL recently sold
additional shares to Beijing Haohua Energy (BHE) a state-owned Chinese company
as part of its strategy to finance its projects and clean up the balance sheet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“There would be a
synergistic benefit of Hebei using our coking coal that serves the greater good
for the Chinese,” said Brown. BHE already has about 24% of the company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Investments by CAD,
which has its regional headquarters in Johannesburg’s Sandton, are the ones
that seem to stick in South Africa. “An investment by CAD is a major stamp of
approval,” said Graulich.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>This article first
appeared in Finweek.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<hr align="left" noshade="" size="1" width="100%" />
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
This article is a printout from <a href="http://www.miningmx.com/"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miningmx.com</span></a><br />
Copyright © 2009</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-38380886606849385592014-12-03T17:56:00.000+02:002014-12-16T15:11:20.257+02:00São Tomé and Príncipe <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><span lang="EN"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">São Tomé and Príncipe</span></span></b><span lang="EN"> </span></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img src="http://acelebrationofwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/sao-tome-and-principe.gif" height="317" style="text-align: justify;" width="400" /> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><img src="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/tp-map.gif" /></span><br />
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tp.html">CIA Factbook</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Central Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, just north of the Equator, west of Gabon</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; line-height: 16px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">Mineral production is limited to</span><span lang="EN"> clay</span><span lang="EN"> </span><span lang="EN">and</span><span lang="EN"> volcanic rock</span><span lang="EN">. All other mineral product
requirements are imported<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indications of the existence of hydrocarbons in
São Tomé and Príncipe were first noted in 1974, but attempts by the Portuguese Colonial Administration to sign a concession agreement with
Ball & Collins North Sea consortium (a predecessor of Premier Oil of the United Kingdom) were abandoned following the country’s declaration of
independence in 1975. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other attempts to start petroleum
exploration during the late 1980s and 1990s also failed. In 2003, Nigeria (60%)
and São Tomé and Príncipe (40%) agreed to jointly operate an overlapping maritime boundary located about 200 km offshore Nigeria known as
the Joint Development Zone (JDZ). Activities in the JDZ were to be overseen by
the Joint Development Authority (JDADA). The JDZ was divided into nine blocks,
and a licensing round was opened for bids in 2004, which resulted in the award
of Block 1 to a consortium made up of Chevron Corporation of the United States (51%),
Esso Exploration and Production Nigeria-Sao Tome (One) Ltd. (40%), and Dangote
Energy Equity Resources Ltd. (a joint-venture of the Dangote Group of Nigeria
and Energy Equity Resources AS of Norway) (9%). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The consortium signed a
production-sharing agreement with the JDADA in 2005 and, in January 2006, began
drilling activities within the block. In May 2006, the consortium announced
that it had encountered hydrocarbons in the Obo-1 exploration well in Block 1
and that it was in the process of evaluating reservoir rock and liquid samples
to determine the next step of the appraisal process. Block 1 is located about
300 km north of São Tomé and Príncipe and about 200 km south of the
city of Port Harcourt in Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Asecond licensing round for Blocks 2
through 6 was opened for bids in 2005. <a href="http://erhc.com/">Energy Inc. of the United States (ERHC)</a> won the rights to
these blocks and, in March 2006, the company signed a series of
production-sharing agreements with the JDADA and several petroleum and gas
companies, among which were Addax Energy Nigeria Limited, Addax Petroleum
(Nigeria offshore 2) Limited, Addax Petroleum Resources Nigeria Limited,
Sinopec International Petroleum Exploration and Production Corporation Nigeria,
and several other petroleum and gas companies whose names were not disclosed.
Following inquires by the Petroleum Affairs Commission, the National Petroleum
Council recognized deficiencies in the awarding process and ordered a formal
investigation. The Attorney General, after concluding that the procedures used
in selecting petroleum companies was flawed, recommended a restructuring of the
procedures for future bidding rounds that would conform to international
standards. The Attorney General’s report also called for the reexamination of
ERHC’s preferential rights for Blocks 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 within the JDZ.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since 2006, there has been no word on
any of the reexamination of ERHC's preferential rights and the countries of Sao
Tome and Nigeria are moving forward with the exploration of the JDZ for oil. In
or about July 2009 there were scheduled two oil rigs to start exploration and
drilling of petroleum reserves within blocks 2-4 and ERHC is predominant in
these blocks. With the possible acquisition of Addax Petroleum by </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sinopec, and with the reports of Sinopec looking into
acquiring ERHC, it is looking more like Sinopec will be the mainstay of the JDZ
for Sao Tome and Nigeria in this area.</span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 25.2pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://erhc.com/">ERHC EnergyInc</a>. Signs Memorandum of Understanding for Sao Tome and Principe Exclusive
Economic Zone</b><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">HOUSTON, Dec. 16, 2014
(GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- ERHC Energy Inc. (<a href="http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=erhe"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ERHE</span></a>), a publicly traded American company
with oil and gas assets in Sub-Saharan Africa, today announced the signing of a
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with an International Operating Company
("IOC") related to Block 11 of the Sao Tome and Principe Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ). ERHC currently holds 100 percent interest in the Block.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Under terms of the MOU,
ERHC agreed to grant first right of refusal to the IOC for a farm-out of EEZ
Block 11 for a period of six months. Under the terms of the MOU, ERHC will keep
the identity of the potential partner confidential except and until a
definitive farm-out is agreed on and entered into.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Until a definitive
farm-out agreement is entered into and approved, ERHC continues to operate EEZ
Block 11. The work program during the first four-year phase includes
re-processing existing data, completing an aeromagnetic survey over the Block
and acquiring 2,500 km of 2D seismic data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">EEZ Block 11 totals
8,941 square km, situated directly east of the island of Sao Tome and abuts the
territorial waters of Gabon. ERHC's preliminary studies on currently available
data indicate the possibility of a significant cretaceous play in Block 11
similar to the Jubilee Field offshore Ghana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to its oil
and gas exploration interests in the EEZ, ERHC holds interests in the Republics
of Kenya and Chad, and the Nigeria-Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development Zone
(JDZ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>About ERHC Energy</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN" style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.4pt; margin-bottom: 13.2pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ERHC Energy Inc. is a
Houston-based independent oil and gas company focused on growth through high
impact exploration in Africa and the development of undeveloped and marginal
oil and gas fields. ERHC is committed to creating and delivering significant
value for its stockholders, investors and employees, and to sustainable and
profitable growth through risk balanced smart exploration, cost efficient
development and high margin production. For more information, visit <a href="http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/ctr?d=10112508&l=7&a=www.erhc.com&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erhc.com" target="_top"><span style="text-decoration: none;">www.erhc.com</span></a>.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-43181614998558694972014-12-02T12:39:00.002+02:002014-12-11T08:49:09.526+02:00Indian Ocean Islands<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Comoros</span><br />
<span style="color: #b6d7a8; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/cn-map.gif" /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cn.html">CIA Factbook</a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Comoros consists of an
archipelago of islands—Anjouan (Ndzuwani), Grande Comore (N’gazidja), and Moheli
(Mwali)—which is located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel. Grande
Comore is the largest and youngest of the islands. The archipelago is the
result of volcanic action along a fissure in the seabed running west-northwest to
east-southeast. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2012, the only mineral
commodities produced in Comoros continued to be small quantities of common
building materials that were used for domestic consumption. The demand for
cement, petroleum products, and steel was met through imports. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #cccccc; line-height: 115%;">Import dependence and deforestation may lead to
development of the country’s geothermal resources.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #eeeeee; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Government of Comoros announced in 2012 that it had awarded its
first petroleum exploration and production license to <b><a href="http://www.bahari-resources.com/">Bahari Resources Ltd</a></b>., which was a privately owned company based in
Kenya, and was taking the first steps to develop its petroleum exploration
strategy. The exploration area has acreage adjacent to the offshore Area 1 and offshore
Area 4 of Mozambique’s Rovuma Delta where Eni S.p.A of Italy and Anadarko
Petroleum Corp. of the United States had made significant natural gas discoveries.
Bahari Resources planned to undertake a phased seismic and drilling program
within the licensed area. The Government also announced that it hoped to have a
Petroleum Code in place by yearend 2013. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="map of Bahari licence" src="http://www.bahari-resources.com/_site/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Bahari-licence-map1024x617px.png" height="241" width="400" /><br />
<br /></div>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Mauritius</span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;">
<img height="400" src="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/mp-map.gif" width="371" /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mp.html">CIA Factbook</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.efreeport.com/default.aspx">Mauritius Freeport Portal</a></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Republic of Mauritius, which
is located east of Madagascar, consists of the main island of Mauritius, the smaller
island of Rodrigues, and two smaller groups of islands. All the islands are of
volcanic origin and are surrounded by coral reefs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 2012, the country had few
mineral resources, and the mineral industry of Mauritius was a negligible
factor in its economy. Historically, mineral output consisted of basalt for construction,
coral sand, lime from coral, and solar-evaporated salt. Small organic phosphate
fertilizer (guano) resources occur on the islands of Agalega, Cargados, and
Rodrigues. Imported fuel oil was the main source of energy used for electricity
generation Mauritius’ main mineral
commodity imports were lubricants and mineral fuels and related materials.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Seychelles,
Mauritius Plan Joint Offshore Oil, Gas Exploration</span></b> </span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #cccccc;">8/19/2013</span><br />
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #cccccc;">URL:</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span><a href="http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/128515/Seychelles_Mauritius_Plan_Joint_Offshore_Oil_Gas_Exploration" style="color: #cccccc;">http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/128515/Seychelles_Mauritius_Plan_Joint_Offshore_Oil_Gas_Exploration</a><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NAIROBI, Aug 19, 2013 (Reuters) – Seychelles and
Mauritius plan to jointly explore for petroleum in an area in the Indian Ocean
that they both own.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">East
Africa has become a focal point for exploration after oil discoveries in Uganda
and Kenya and natural gas deposits in Tanzania and Mozambique.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"An
Authority will be established to deal with the Licensing and to oversee the
activities in the Joint management Area. All revenues will be split
50:50," Eddy Belle, chief executive officer of Seychelles upstream
regulator PetroSeychelles said in an emailed response to questions from
Reuters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Mauritius
and Seychelles are still working on the legal framework that will dictate oil
exploration and exploitation in the Joint Management Area (JMA). No deadline
has been set for the opening of the area."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
two island nations received permission in 2012 from the United Nations for an
extended continental shelf off their respective coasts, estimated to measure
396,000 square km. The granting of the joint exploration rights was meant to
forestall any future maritime territorial disputes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In
June, Seychelles invited oil and gas companies to bid for exploration blocks,
bringing to an end a two-year moratorium, and introducing new rules for bidders
after completing a review of laws regulating the sector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">So
far, <a href="http://www.afren.com/">Afren Plc</a> and Australia's<a href="http://www.whlenergy.com.au/irm/content/default.aspx"> WHL Energy</a> are the only companies holding
exploration licences in Seychelles, an archipelago of islands northeast of
Madagascar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PetroSeychelles
said in early August it had already received two new applications under the
newly introduced Open File Licensing Initiative, which were undergoing due
diligence before proceeding to the next stage of evaluation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;">(Reporting by George Obulutsa)</span></i><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Reunion</span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.geographicguide.com/pictures/maps/reunion-map.gif" /></div>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Reunion is a volcanic island located about 200 kilometers southwest
of Mauritius. Administratively, it is an overseas department of France, and, as
such, is part of the euro area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mineral production represented only a very small part of the
economy of Reunion in 2012, although quantitative information on mineral
production was not available. Production of aggregates, cement, and seacoast
coral sand was believed to meet local consumption needs. Reunion had no
identified resources of coal or petroleum; all demand for metals, mineral fuels,
and petroleum products was met through imports.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Seychelles</span><br />
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img height="286" src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS3wmYcZdYajLK46SDNDXkz1axYmIVeJSCelDa7pHRt2ZMFrKII" width="400" /></div>
<span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="locmap" src="http://www.petroseychelles.com/images/locmap.jpg" height="271" width="400" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Source: </span><a href="http://www.petroseychelles.com/" style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PetroSeychelles</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/se-map.gif" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/se.html">CIA Factbook</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;">The Seychelles archipelago, which
comprises 74 coralline islands and the Mahe group of 41 granitic islands, lies
in the western part of the Indian Ocean.</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Seychelles lies just south of the
Equator in the Southwest Indian Ocean and at the northwestern part of the
“boomerang” shaped Mascarene Ridge. It comprises over 115 islands of a total
land area of 445 sq. km spread in an Exclusive Economic Zone of approximately
1.33 million sq.km.</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
outcrop geology is quite simple comprising granite intruded in places by
basaltic dykes. This makes the Seychelles unique among mid-oceanic islands and
it is this fact that attracted geoscientists to conduct geophysical
investigations in the Seychelles in the late sixties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These
granites have been dated and they are Precambrian in age a</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">t</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">750 million years old</span></strong><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> It is generally accepted in the scientific
community that the islands are the emergent peaks of a microcontinent that once
formed part of the super continent of Gondwana. The exact extent of this
microcontinent is currently still unknown but there is evidence to support a
southeasterly extension at least as far as the Saya de Malha Bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seychelles is not a globally
significant mineral producer or consumer. Production of granite, gravel, and
salt was limited and not reported. Other mineral production consisted mostly of
unreported quantities of construction materials. Small quantities of an organic
phosphate fertilizer (guano) was occasionally mined but also was not reported
by the Government. Seychelles had no identified resources of coal, natural gas,
or petroleum. All demand for mineral fuels and petroleum products was met by
imports</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The mineral industry is regulated
by the Ministry of Industry. The Mineral Ordinance, 1962, governs mineral
extraction and mining. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The petroleum potential of the entire Seychelles
region continued to be promoted by the Government’s <a href="http://www.petroseychelles.com/">Seychelles Petroleum Co.(Sepec).</a> Although multinational companies have explored the waters around the
islands off and on for several years, no commercial quantities of natural gas
or petroleum had been found as of yearend 2012. In 2012, <a href="http://www.whlenergy.com.au/irm/content/default.aspx">WHL Energy Ltd</a>. of
Australia completed a comprehensive geologic and technical review of its
Seychelles license. These studies indicated a potential for petroleum in WHL
Energy’s 21,426 square kilometer acreage. The studies included the reprocessing
of existing seismic data and rebuilding the hydrocarbon basin models.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="concessionmap" src="http://www.petroseychelles.com/images/concessionmap.jpg" height="353" width="400" /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Currently, there are two oil companies exploring in
Seychelles and these are AFREN, a UK listed company, and WHL Energy – an
Australian listed company. Both these companies have drilling obligations.
AFREN has recently completed a 3-D seismic acquisition program and WHL energy
will also conduct a seismic infill or 3D programme before drilling.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">“Fast-track” data from
3D seismic survey in Seychelles waters is encouraging, says Australian oil
company WHL</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Victoria,
Seychelles <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">|</span> October 16, 2014, Thursday @ 15:57 in <a href="http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/category.php?category_id=1"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Business</span></a> <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">»</span> <a href="http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/category.php?category_id=10"><span style="text-decoration: none;">ENERGY</span></a> <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">|</span> By: <a href="http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/about/contact_us"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Sharon Uranie</span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><img alt="“Fast-track” data from 3D seismic survey in Seychelles waters is encouraging, says Australian oil company WHL" src="http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/media/images/2014-10/photo_verybig_1580.jpg" height="223" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Map of surveyed area
(Junon Block) in the Seychelle EEZ (PetroSeychelles)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/buy_prints#attribution">Photo license </a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (<a href="http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Seychelles
News Agency</span></a>) - </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Australian oil
company, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.whlenergy.com.au/irm/content/default.aspx">WHL Energy</a></span>, has described as “encouraging” preliminary
data that has become available as a result of a 3D <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">seismic survey</span> carried out in its Seychelles offshore asset
between June and July this year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">seismic survey</span> of an exploration block known as Junon, 115
kilometres southeast of the main Seychelles island of Mahé was undertaken by
its partner FTSE-listed <a href="http://www.ophir-energy.com/">Ophir Energy.</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dolphin Geophysical, a
Norwegian service company won the contract for the survey which was conducted
by their 3D vessel, the Polar Duchess.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Ophir Energy</span> which is involved in oil and gas exploration
in East and West Africa with interests in countries including Ghana, Gabon,
Somaliland and Kenya, signed a farm-in deal with Australian oil company
WHL in March.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Under the agreement
Ophir stands to earn a 75 percent stake in WHL's offshore Seychelles assets in
return for an investment of up to $17.0 million on exploration, including the
conducting of some 1500 km² of 3D seismic surveying. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Polar Duchess, of Norwegian
company Dolphin Geophysical that conducted the 3D seismic completed in July
this year. (Bruno Webster, Dolphin Geophysical) Photo License: <span style="text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/buy_prints" target="_blank">CC-BY</a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/aps01/Downloads/16102014102581373676.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: none;">In a press statement
issued today</span></a>, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">WHL Energy</span> says an initial review of the “fast-track” data volume from the
Junon 3D <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">seismic survey</span> that it has received is encouraging “in that
the key prospects identified on the previous 2D seismic data can be interpreted
on the fast track volume.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WHL undertook a 2D <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">seismic survey</span> when it first acquired its Seychelles
exploration permits.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The data now needs to
be fully processed and WHL has indicated that an initial interpretation should
be available by December this year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“It is pleasing to see
the progress with the investigation of the high potential Seychelles project
continue utilising the latest technology available,” said David Rowbottam, the
Managing Director of <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">WHL Energy</span>, in the press statement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“While this initial
seismic volume of the Junon 3D seismic data is very early stage with a lot of
state-of-the art processing and interpretation yet to be undertaken, it is
encouraging that the key geological features noted in the earlier 2D seismic
can be interpreted on the fast track 3D seismic volume.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The state owned
company responsible for regulating the hydrocarbon sector of the Indian Ocean
archipelago, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;"><a href="http://www.petroseychelles.com/">PetroSeychelles</a></span>, told SNA that they will have access to the
“fast track” data shortly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“It is encouraging
news. <a href="http://www.petroseychelles.com/"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">PetroSeychelles</span> </a>will nevertheless undertake its own
interpretation of the preliminary data that has become available while we wait
for the data to be fully processed and get the final interpretation,” the Chief
Executive Officer of <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">PetroSeychelles</span> Eddie Belle told SNA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once fully interpreted
that data is expected to give the investors a better indication of whether
drilling should commence around the surveyed areas and where it should take
place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since the beginning of
this year <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">oil exploration</span> in the Seychelles waters has been attracting
more interest with several foreign companies currently involved in collecting
seismic data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Apart from the joint
venture between <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Ophir Energy</span> and <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">WHL Energy</span>,
the state-owned company responsible for regulating the hydrocarbon sector of
the Indian Ocean archipelago, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">PetroSeychelles</span>, and Japan Oil Gas Minerals Exploration
Company (<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">JOGMEC</span>) also conducted a two-week geochemical survey in
the waters south-west of the main Seychelles island of Mahé in May.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Before that, in April,
Russian seismic vessel ‘Akademik Fersman’ carried out a 2D <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">seismic survey</span> as part of the same JOGMEC-PetroSeychelles
venture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The CEO of <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">PetroSeychelles</span>, <span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">Eddy Belle</span>,
also indicated that the country’s other exploration license holder, AFREN, will
also be conducting an additional survey within the Seychelles’ EEZ early next
year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As foreign companies
continue prospecting for oil and gas in Seychelles waters', the archipelago has
also recently been accepted as a candidate country by the Norway-based
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">EITI</span>) board.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0cm;">EITI</span> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">sets the global transparency standard for all
minerals and Seychelles joins 45 other countries worldwide, that are required
to extensively disclose revenues and measures to improve accountability in
exploitation of oil, gas and minerals. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Seychelles</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">: Oil Exploration -
Seychelles, Mauritius And Comoros</span><span style="color: #cccccc; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Last Updated: 28 August 2014<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Article by <b><a href="http://www.mondaq.com/redirection.asp?article_id=336812&author_id=1098606&type=articleauthor" target="_blank" title="View this authors biography on their website">Luke Havemann</a></b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://www.mondaq.com/content/company.asp?article_id=336812&company_id=2503" title="View ENSafrica Profile">ENSafrica</a></b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">International Oil Companies (IOCs) that have been eyeing East
Africa may want to look beyond established jurisdictions like Kenya and
Mozambique. Across the water that is, to the Indian Ocean islands of
Seychelles, Mauritius and Comoros. All three islands offer interesting
opportunities, but in this short article I'll be concentrating on just one of
them – Seychelles.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">General Background and Geology</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seychelles, which lies outside the cyclone belt, enjoys a stable
weather system, with daytime highs ranging between 25 and 31⁰ C. Besides being a high-end tourism
destination, Seychelles has a thriving fishing industry, and a versatile port
that can accommodate container ships and tankers. There's an international
airport, with flights to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia.
Telecommunications are good. The country is politically stable. The population
of some 87,000 is well educated. In short, it's a good place to do business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From a geological perspective, Seychelles was once part of the
supercontinent Gondwana which, as result a of the rifting that occurred during
the early Permian period, led to the formation of East and West Gondwana, as
well as the micro-continent where the island nation now finds itself.
Seychelles also finds itself in the Seychelles Rifts AU, one of four assessed
geological provinces and assessment units (AUs) along the central coast of East
Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">The Petroleum Industry</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As things stand, Seychelles is underexplored and only four
exploratory wells have thus far been drilled. The first three wells were
drilled in 1980 and 1981. Although commercial quantities of hydrocarbons were
not discovered, these wells uncovered oil and gas shows and proved that
Seychelles possesses a working hydrocarbon system. In the words of Eddy Belle,
CEO of PetroSeychelles: 'Three wells were drilled by Amoco in 1980 and 1981.
They found all that is necessary to have an oil province." It was not
until 1995 that Enterprise Oil drilled a fourth exploratory well that turned
out to be dry.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The petroleum industry in the Seychelles is a truly nascent
industry that has much exploration ahead of it, as well as a long way to go before
production of domestic hydrocarbon resources might be considered. Notably, the
aforementioned PetroSeychelles - which is an arm of government - oversees the
upstream petroleum sector, promoting and supervising oil exploration programs
in the Seychelles Exclusive Economic Zone. A government-owned company,
Seychelles Petroleum Company (SEYPEC), operates in the downstream sector. It
used to be the case that SEYPEC was the regulator, not PetroSeychelles,
however, since SEYPEC had a share in the companies conducting the exploration,
a conflict existed between that shareholding and its obligations as a
regulator. Consequently, PetroSeychelles was formed. According to Eddy Belle,
PetroSeychelles is well-placed to reduce the amount of time that it may take for
Seychelles to develop its own petroleum industry. To this end, Belle has stated
that "when it comes to decision-making, we're much faster than a
ministry...being an independent body that has its own funds, we move much
faster...because we are also like a national oil company, discussion with other
companies is much better as we are more or less on the same wavelength."<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Indian Ocean islands have, unsurprisingly, seen benefits in
working together closely towards the development of their potential resources.
For example, Seychelles and Mauritius are in agreement regarding a Joint
Licensing Area in terms of which revenue will be split on a 50/50 basis – the
two are hammering out a legal framework for the Joint Management Area (JMA),
and some form of authority that will deal with licensing and oversee activities
in the JMA. Seychelles and Mauritius have also submitted a joint submission to
the Commission on the Limitation of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) for an
extended continental shelf in the south east (Seychelles is itself also seeking
an extension of the CLCS in the north).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Legal Framework</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Petroleum Mining Act says that the state owns petroleum
accumulations within the Seychelles, and that the government can grant
non-exclusive licences to companies to carry out exploration services. The Act
also allows the government to enter into a Petroleum Agreement with an IOC in
terms of which the company is granted exclusive rights to explore for, and
produce, petroleum within Seychelles – the size and location of the acreage to
be included in the agreement will be settled by negotiation, but the size must
not exceed 10,000 square metres.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There is a Model Agreement in existence, and this provides for a
duration of 34 years if commercial discovery occurs. This period is divided
into two phases - an Exploration Phase of nine years (itself made up of three,
three-year periods), and a Development and Production Phase that starts on the
date on which the company decides that it's commercially viable, and continues
for 25 years.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In June 2013 Belle said this: 'We are working on updating our
petroleum model agreement....we're making it in line with what is happening
elsewhere in the world... this is where we will look at models like that of
Norway." Not only has Seychelles turned to the Norwegians for assistance,
it has also sought advice from the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative
(EITI), the World Bank and the Commonwealth Fund for Technical Cooperation. As
Belle has, rightly, stated: "we're small so we don't have capacity, which
means we have to rely on others who have the capacity to assist us.'<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Fiscal Regime</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In Seychelles, there are three principal revenue-sharing
mechanisms:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A
royalty of 10% levied on the market value of oil produced and saved during
each month.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Petroleum
Income Tax of 35%, which is paid in accordance with the Petroleum Income
Tax Act 2008.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Petroleum
Additional Profits Tax (PAPT), a resource rent tax levied on cash flows.
The Model Agreement provides for a two-tier structure for PAPT - the first
becomes due once the company has earned a particular threshold rate of
return on its investment, and the second becomes due after the company has
earned an even higher post-tax rate of return. The first threshold rate of
return which triggers payment of PAPT is 15% and the tax rate is 25%, the
second threshold rate and tax rate are negotiable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Licensing Initiative</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As part of its Open File Licensing Initiative, Seychelles
invited IOCs to bid for exploration blocks in June 2012. Two applications were
received, one from <a href="http://www.afren.com/">Afren Plc</a>, and one from WHL of Australia. Both companies now
hold exploration licences. WHL has already entered the drilling phase and it is
in the process of farming out. Afren has conducted a survey and it is
apparently in the process of identifying a deep-water drilling location, with
drilling due to start in the last quarter of 2014. According to Belle, Petro
Seychelles has been trying to establish links with Sinopec and with CNOOC. He
says that 'they can see the merit here, but there is an element of risk because
we are still frontier...however, once we have the first discovery then there
will be a flood of companies.'<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Open File award process works as follows – an application
for a 10,000 square km area can be made at any time, PetroSeychelles will then
verify if the minimum criteria are met, and there will be a notice of the
application's filing and the solicitation of competitive applications (with a
90-day limit). There is no need to reveal the identity of the applicant or the
proposed terms.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The variables in the Petroleum Agreement should be the
following: area; work program; rental payments; relinquishing terms; fiscal
terms; and training commitment. The Exploration Phase should include the
following: Period 1 (years 1-3), funding for seismic (US$15 million); Period 2
(years 4-6), funding for at least one well (US$25 million); and Period 3 (years
7-9), again funding for at least one well. As for the recommended minimum
acceptable applicant qualifications, these include technical and professional
capacity, as well as financial ability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The weighting criteria for competitive bids are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Work
program: geological prognosis, 10%; Period 1 commitment, 40%; and Period 2
proposal, 10%.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fiscal
considerations: Tier 2 PAPT and any other items, 10%.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Applicant
qualifications: technical, 15%; financial, 15%.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="new areas" src="http://www.petroseychelles.com/images/new_areas.jpg" height="277" width="400" /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Conclusion</span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seychelles may be a frontier area, but much data is available,
and interesting leads have been mapped. The data confirms that a working
petroleum system exists, with all the necessary ingredients - source,
reservoir, seals and structures - to make the area an oil and gas province. The
government has recognized the importance that the discovery of petroleum would
have for its objectives, and it has put in place the required legal framework
to facilitate exploration and the eventual production within its marine boundaries.
There are exciting opportunities for companies to bid in the Open File system,
or to farm into existing licences. The Indian Ocean islands seem promising and
Seychelles may well demonstrate that not all the action, so to speak, is to be
found on the continent itself.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-54867008043929314292014-11-28T19:55:00.000+02:002014-11-28T19:55:44.434+02:00Tanzania World Bank Involvement<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tanzania World Bank Involvement</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">:From 1994-2000, IDA supported mining sector technical assistance in Tanzania in the areas of mining legislation and regulations, mining fiscal regime, environmental policies and enforcement, divestiture of state-owned enterprises, and strengthening institutional capacity. The foreign direct investment in the mining sector increased to an average of US$250 million per year in 2001-08 from less than US$10 million per year in 1990-99. However, as the fiscal regime was designed to attract investment into a declining, high-risk sector, mining tax revenues were only 4 percent of total fiscal revenues in 2007, and several mining communities were not satisfied with their benefits from the mining operations. Since 2009, IDA has been supporting the government to strengthen its capacity to manage the mineral sector to improve the socioeconomic impacts of mining. In 2010, the government passed a new mining law that increases the rate of royalty paid on minerals from 3 to 4 percent and allows for participation by the government in all future mining projects. </span></div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-63366156761076200362014-11-28T19:46:00.002+02:002014-11-28T19:46:55.437+02:00Madagascar World Bank Involvement:<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Madagascar World Bank Involvement:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IDA has supported mining sector reform in Madagascar through a series of technical assistance projects since 1998, with emphasis on attracting investment, improving the sector’s environmental performance, and ensuring that the sector’s benefits are widespread. The reforms fostered a large increase in activity, including the development of large mining operations in ilmenite and nickel/cobalt. Given the country’s widespread poverty, the government undertook a strategy centered on strengthening local governance, decentralizing fiscal revenues, and providing technical assistance to community associations and municipal governments for the integration of mineral resources management in their development plans.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two investment agreements totaling US$5.5 billion were signed in the mining sector in 2005-06. Approximately 12,000 domestic jobs were created during construction of the two mines.The ilmenite mine opened in 2009 and the nickel/cobalt mine opened in 2012 and, according to company reports, is positioned to become the world’s biggest lateritic nickel mine by 2014. Mine forestry committees have been established to assist with biodiversity and land use planning. Both mining companies have provided extensive short-term training and some long-term training for workers that will help provide local communities with a source of income beyond mine closure. Both companies have taken proactive stances in enabling local small and medium enterprises to take advantage of business opportunities arising during construction and exploitation. A multi-use port partially funded by the World Bank (US$32 million, 2006) was built near the ilmenite operation, while the nickel/cobalt operation did a major port upgrade. Both operations provide power to their local areas. An additional objective was to establish a foundation in connection with the ilmenite mine that would provide local communities with a source of income far beyond mine closure.</span></div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-15577511334381317862014-11-28T19:42:00.002+02:002014-11-28T19:42:44.296+02:00Uganda World Bank Involvement: <div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uganda World Bank Involvement: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Over the period of 2004 to 2011, the World Bank, together with the African Development Bank and the Nordic Development Fund invested approximately US$32 million to strengthen the government's capacity to develop a sound minerals sector based on private investments and improvements in selected artisanal and small-scale mining areas. Over the period of 2004 to 2011, annual investment in mining exploration increased significantly from US$5 million in 2004 to US$47 million, with a total cumulative investment over the period of US$329 million. Exports of cement, gold and cobalt (representing about 95 percent of total exports) also increased during the same period, from US$22 million per year in 2004, peaking to between US$250-350 million in 2008 and then reducing to US$120 million at the end of 2010 as commodity prices relaxed. In part because of increased volume and prices of mineral production, but also due to increased government capacity, total fiscal revenues more than doubled over the life of the project. This increase in revenue was achieved at the same time as the increase in the transparency of mining sector revenues as evidenced by regular publication of such mineral revenues. The project also had a significant impact on the incomes and operating performance of artisanal miners. Incomes of artisanal miners increased 60 percent from US$4.81 per day to US$5.00 – US$7.50 per day for precious metal and industrial mineral miners respectively. Furthermore, by the end of the project the Government of Uganda had received and approved, 590 health and safety plans from artisanal miners, up from zero in 2003.</span></div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-32724162728195965782014-11-28T19:38:00.003+02:002014-11-28T19:38:33.015+02:00Cameroon World Bank Involvement<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cameroon World Bank Involvement</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Total project cost US$30 million</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The objective of the Mining Sector Capacity Building Project for Cameroon is to improve (i) the efficiency and transparency of mining sector management; and (ii) the frameworks for sustainable mining development. There are three components to the project, the first component being access to mineral resources and governance of mining operations. This component will address existing constraints to proper management of up-stream functions of the EI value-chain, focusing particularly on access to resources (EI value chain link1), monitoring of mining operations (link 2) and transparency and accountability mechanisms (mainly referring to link 3). The second component is the integration of mining into local and regional development. This component will contribute to improve the integration of current exploration and future exploitation activities into local and regional development (link 5). The third component is the Management and monitoring and evaluation (M&E). this component will support project coordination and management of procurement, financial management, and disbursement as well as monitoring and evaluation of project implementation.</span></div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-60246501774276201852014-11-28T19:33:00.000+02:002014-11-28T19:33:25.403+02:00Guinea World Bank Involvement <div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Guinea World Bank Involvement </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Total project cost US$20 million</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The development objective of the Mining Sector Governance Support Project for Guinea is to strengthen the capacity and governance systems of key institutions for managing the minerals sector in Guinea. There are three components to the project. The first component is facilitating access to mineral resources. This component will focus on supporting the Government of Guinea (GoG) in developing the capacities and systems to facilitate negotiation and contracting with private sector mining companies including mining ancillary infrastructure. It will further strengthen the governance and institutional structure of Societe Guineenne du Patrimoine Minier (State-Owned Guinean Mining Company) (SOUGIPAMI) and its technical, legal, and financial capacities to engage with mining projects sponsors. The second component is institutional strengthening for mineral management. This component will focus on strengthening the GoG capacities to license, control and monitor technical, environmental, and financial compliance of mining operations. The third component is promoting economic development of mining areas and good governance. This component will focus on sustainable investments. This will include the facilitation of regional and local development plans through partnerships with the private sector, and the strengthening of mechanisms for demand for good governance (DFG). This component will have a regional aspect, in that it will most likely focus on at least one 'growth corridor,' (iron-ore in the South-East or Bauxite/Alumina in the North-West). It will build on work carried out under previous studies, and seek synergies with International Finance Corporation (IFC) and other donor activities. The fourth component is project management. This component will support the project implementation unit, based in the Ministry of Mines, in the management of fiduciary activities, project monitoring and evaluation and the implementation of activities.</span></div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-9586116178209365982014-11-27T10:30:00.002+02:002014-11-27T10:30:23.498+02:00Libya Mining NewsCarel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-91540373794626560172014-11-27T10:04:00.001+02:002014-11-27T10:04:13.476+02:00Guinea-Bissau Mining NewsCarel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-36975757757470758532014-11-27T09:07:00.002+02:002014-11-27T09:07:28.945+02:00Chad Mining NewsCarel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-6789483035622863932014-11-26T19:22:00.002+02:002014-11-26T19:22:22.205+02:00Djibouti Mining NewsCarel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-72587294671004222402014-11-26T18:16:00.003+02:002014-11-26T18:16:48.683+02:00Togo Mining NewsCarel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-6245141901324681112014-11-26T17:56:00.002+02:002014-11-26T17:56:33.349+02:00Benin Mining NewsCarel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-63251357282816595812014-11-24T11:14:00.000+02:002015-10-27T19:44:59.042+02:00Mining methods and terminology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.edumine.com/xtoolkit/xmlwords/xmlwords.htm" style="background-color: black; color: #aa77aa; line-height: 20.7999992370605px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<img alt="a graphic illustrates the underground mining methods and surface mining methods" src="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/Coal_mining_methods.jpg" height="236" width="400" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Source: http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal_mining.htm</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #6aa84f;">Underground Mining</span><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Underground modes of
access include drift, slope, and shaft mining, and actual mining methods
include longwall and room and pillar mining. Drift mines enter horizontally
into the side of a hill and mine the coal within the hill. Slope mines usually
begin in a valley bottom, and a tunnel slopes down to the coal to be mined.
Shaft mines are the deepest mines; a vertical shaft with an elevator is made
from the surface down to the coal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In room and pillar
mining, the most common type of underground coal mining, coal seams are mined
by a "<a href="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/Con_miner_pic.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none;">continuous miner</span></a>"
that cuts a network of "rooms" into the seam. As the rooms are cut,
the continuous miner simultaneously loads the coal onto a shuttle or ram car
where it will eventually be placed on a conveyor belt that will move it to the
surface. "Pillars" composed of coal are left behind to support the
roof of the mine. Each "room" alternates with a "pillar" of
greater width for support. Using this mining method normally results in a
reduction in recovery of as much as 60 percent because of coal being left in
the ground as pillars. As mining continues, <a href="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/bolt_roof.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none;">roof bolts</span></a> are placed
in the ceiling to avoid ceiling collapse. Under special circumstances, pillars
may sometimes be removed or "pulled" toward the end of mining in a
process called "retreat mining." Removing support during retreat
mining can lead to roof falls, so the pillars are removed in the opposite
direction from which the mine advanced: hence the term "retreat
mining."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Longwall mining is
another type of underground mining. Mechanized shearers are used to cut and
remove the coal at the face of the mine. After the coal is removed, it drops
onto a chain conveyor, which moves it to a second conveyor that will ultimately
take the coal to the surface. Temporary hydraulic-powered roof supports hold up
the roof as the extraction process proceeds. This method of mining has proven
to be more efficient than room and pillar mining, with a recovery rate of
nearly 75 percent, but the equipment is more expensive than conventional room
and pillar equipment, and cannot be used in all geological circumstances. As
mining continues, <a href="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/bolt_roof.htm">roof bolts</a> are placed in the ceiling to
avoid ceiling collapse. In longwall mining, only the main tunnels are bolted.
Most of the longwall panel is allowed to collapse behind the shields (which
hold the roof as coal is excavated).</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Surface or Opencast Mining</span><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Surface-mining methods
include area, contour, mountaintop removal, and auger mining. <a href="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/surface_mining.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Area mines</span></a> are
surface mines that remove shallow coal over a broad area where the land is
fairly flat. Huge <a href="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/dragline.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none;">dragline shovels</span></a> commonly
remove rocks overlying the coal (called overburden). After the coal has been
removed, the rock is placed back into the pit. <a href="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/contour1.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Contour mines </span></a>are
surface mines that mine coal in steep, hilly, or mountainous terrain. A wedge
of overburden is removed along the coal outcrop on the side of a hill, forming
a bench at the level of the coal. After the coal is removed, the overburden is
placed back on the bench to return the hill to its natural slope. Mountaintop
removal mines are special area mines used where several thick coal seams occur
near the top of a mountain. Large quantities of overburden are removed from the
top of the mountains, and this material is used to fill in valleys next to the
mine. Augur mines are operated on surface-mine benches (before they are covered
up); the coal in the side of the hill that can't be reached by contour mining
is drilled (or augured) out</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #93c47d;">Variables Influencing
Mining Methods</span><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #eeeeee; font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Source: </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b>http://www.desrizal.com/reading-186-Variables-Influencing-Mining-Methods.html</b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Variables Influencing Mining Methods" src="http://www.desrizal.com/images/influencing-mining-method.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When
selecting a mining method, it
is important to maintain flexibility within the method, in case something goes
wrong. Any mining layout must establish the following facilities. Creation of
the above facilities is dependent on the following variables:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Physical
Properties of the mined rocks and ore</span></b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">. The stress/strength relationships of rocks and
ore determine the horizontal and vertical stope dimensions which will stand
without support. This in turn establishes the appropriateness of one of the
three basic stoping methods ...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Naturally supported<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Artificially supported<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Unsupported (caving)<o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Orebody
Dimensions</span></b> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- The strike length, width (footwall to hanging wall)
and height of the orebody determine the maximum spans that are possible, which
in some cases will exceed the permissible spans. For greater orebody widths,
longitudinal stopes will give way to transverse stopes. Longitudinal stopes
constitute mining along strike and transverse stopes are perpendicular to
strike. Stope and pillar dimensions must be established.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Orebody
Orientation</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- the dip of the orebody determines the part gravity
will play in the mining operation. In this course, the following orebody
classifications are used ...<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Flat Dip: 0-20<sup>o</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Medium Dip: 20-50<sup>o</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Steep Dip: 50-90<sup>o</sup><o:p></o:p></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #93c47d;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Ore
Grade</span></b> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- The grade of the orebody influences considerations
of selective or mass production methods and thus the need and method for pillar
recovery.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Structural
Features</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- Major faults, dykes, and rock mass jointing
influence the location and size of stopes and pillars.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Depth
of Operation</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- This is a factor in so far as stress increases with
depth ... in addition, hoisting heights, and hence costs, also increase.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Proximity
of Other Orebodies</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- Orebody proximity determines the method of mining
one orebody or lens with respect to an adjacent ore block. It also determines
extraction sequences, location of access, pillar sizes, etc., and whether
mining progresses from hanging wall to footwall or footwall to hanging wall.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Ground
Surface Effects</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">... Considerations with respect to restriction of
subsidence, e.g. where there are lakes, towns, etc. above; the requirements of
land reclamation and waste and tailings disposal; and the control of effluents
in surface water discharge may all impact on the choice of mining method. The
climate and topography must also be considered.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Labour
and Supplies</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- Cheap, locally available, labour does not
necessarily mean low costs. Instead, mining methods must generally be modified
for different parts of the world in accordance with the competency of available
labour. The presence of skilled labour but in short supply influences the
choice of methods and equipment. Local availability of supporting materials
such as timber, fill, tailings, cement, etc. also influence mining practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Capital
Available</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">... Costs in mining are of two types, capital and
operating. If the capital for certain desirable expenditures is not available,
operating costs are likely to be higher. For example, the open stoping method
in some cases ties up less capital than shrinkage stoping. Some methods at a
higher operating cost may require less development expenditure. In the overall
picture retreating methods may be more economical than advancing methods. In
each case a capital outlay might be recoverable through lower operating costs
when sufficient tonnage is in sight. The judicious outlay of capital is always
desirable. The difficulty arises in defining judicious in terms of developed
and prospective ore at various stages in the life of a mine.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #93c47d;">Physical
Location</span></b><span style="color: #eeeeee;"> </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">- The location and jurisdiction of the orebody
(political, provincial, federal, foreign) must be taken into account as well as
ownership (park, reservation, private, common property) or boundary with
another mining operation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #cccccc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-21855909287394797672014-11-19T15:53:00.003+02:002015-10-08T13:35:46.651+02:00Silver News<ul style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.canadianminingjournal.com/news/silver-teck-franco-nevada-strike-streaming-deal/1003710747/?ref=rss&ctid=1003710747" style="color: #aa77aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">SILVER: Teck, Franco-Nevada strike streaming deal</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 07/10/2015</span></li>
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<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/silver-demand-to-fall-7-in-2014-thomson-reuters-gfms-2014-11-19" style="color: #aadd99;" target="_blank">Silver demand to fall 7% in 2014 – Thomson Reuters GFMS</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 11/19/2014</span></li>
</ul>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7104570830344254686.post-17011746665012672802014-11-19T15:32:00.001+02:002015-09-28T18:52:04.058+02:00Graphite News<ul style="background-color: black; color: #999999; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201509282781.html" style="color: #aadd99;" target="_self">Tanzania: Dar Finds Massive Graphite Deposits</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 28/09/2015</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://www.miningweekly.com/article/has-china-reached-peak-graphite-benchmark-mineral-intelligence-2014-12-13" style="color: #aa77aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Has China reached peak graphite? – Benchmark Mineral Intelligence</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 12/13/2014</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.25em 15px; text-indent: -15px;"><span class="item-title"><a href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/resourceinvestornews/~3/V9XI8gRF1R0/new-non-chinese-graphite-and-vanadium-supply-could" style="color: #aa77aa; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">New non-Chinese graphite and vanadium supply could create new demand</a></span><span class="item-date"> - 11/18/2014</span></li>
</ul>
Carel van der Merwehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07553646319559869259noreply@blogger.com0